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<title>Subhas Chandra Bose</title>

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Subhas Chandra Bose

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Netaji" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Netaji_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Netaji (disambiguation)">Netaji (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="Netaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Netaji">Netaji</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Subhas Chandra Bose</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bose, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of <a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 July 1943 – 18 August 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mohan_Singh_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh (general)">Mohan Singh</a> and <a href="Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">Iwaichi Fujiwara</a> founders of the <a href="First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Office abolished</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 June 1939 – 16 January 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sardul_Singh_Kavishar" title="Sardul Singh Kavishar">Sardul Singh Kavishar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="List_of_Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a> of the <a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 18 January 1938 – 29 April 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="Mayor_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Calcutta">Mayor of Calcutta</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 August 1930 – 15 April 1931</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Subhas Chandra Bose</div> (1897-01-23)23 January 1897 <a href="Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1945(1945-08-18) (aged 48)<a href="#cite_note-dod-combined-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordon-bose-death-7">[5]</a> <a href="Taipei" title="Taipei">Taihoku</a>, <a href="Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Third-degree_burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-degree burns">Third-degree burns</a> from <a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">aircrash</a><a href="#cite_note-gordon-bose-death-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Renk%C5%8D-ji" title="Renkō-ji">Renkō-ji</a>, <a href="Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1937)</div> (secretly married without ceremony or witnesses, unacknowledged publicly by Bose)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Anita_Bose_Pfaff" title="Anita Bose Pfaff">Anita Bose Pfaff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Janakinath_Bose" title="Janakinath Bose">Janakinath Bose</a> (father)</li><li><a href="Prabhabati_Bose_(Dutt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabhabati Bose (Dutt)">Prabhabati Bose</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Baptist Mission's Protestant European School, Cuttack, 1902–09<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199032-9">[7]</a></li><li><a href="Ravenshaw_Collegiate_School" title="Ravenshaw Collegiate School">Ravenshaw Collegiate School</a>, Cuttack, 1909–12<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199033-10">[8]</a></li><li><a href="Presidency_College%2C_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Kolkata">Presidency College, Calcutta</a>, 1912–15 February 1916<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a></li><li><a href="Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a>, Calcutta, 20 July 1917–1919</li><li><a href="Fitzwilliam_College%2C_Cambridge#History" title="Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge">Fitzwilliam Hall</a>, Non-Collegiate Students Board, Cambridge, 1919–21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Open_University-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[e]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>, Philosophy, 1919)</li><li><a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (B.A. Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos, 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Open_University-15">[11]</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

Subhas Chandra Bose<a href="#cite_note-18">[f]</a> (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an <a href="Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian nationalist</a> whose defiance of <a href="British_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British raj">British authority in India</a> made him a hero among many Indians,<a href="#cite_note-20">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[i]</a> but his wartime alliances with <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="Japanese_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fascism">Fascist Japan</a> left a legacy vexed by <a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question1-25">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[l]</a> <a href="Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question2-31">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-disturbing-32">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-cronin-2025-41">[24]</a> and <a href="Military_incompetence" title="Military incompetence">military failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordonunrealistic-45">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-combined-military-lead-46">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[s]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[t]</a> The honorific 'Netaji' (<a href="Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>: "Respected Leader") was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942—by the Indian soldiers of the <a href="Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indische Legion</a> and by the German and Indian officials in the <a href="Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a> in Berlin. It is now used throughout India.<a href="#cite_note-51">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990459–460-52">[31]</a>

Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large <a href="Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> family in <a href="Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> during the <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The early recipient of an <a href="Anglocentrism" title="Anglocentrism">Anglo-centric</a> education, he was sent after college to England to take the <a href="Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> examination. He succeeded with distinction in the first exam but demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism to be the higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the nationalist movement led by <a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and the <a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. He followed <a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-54">[v]</a> Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of <a href="British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and <a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself.<a href="#cite_note-matthews-bose-congress-55">[33]</a> After the large majority of the <a href="Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> members resigned in protest,<a href="#cite_note-haithcox-bose-andINC-oldguard-56">[34]</a> Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2002297,_313-57">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990420–428-58">[36]</a>

In April 1941 Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for India's independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201165–67,_152-59">[37]</a> German funds were employed to open a Free India Centre in <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. A 3,000-strong <a href="Free_India_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free India Legion">Free India Legion</a> was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by <a href="Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>'s <a href="Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> to serve under Bose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201176-60">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[w]</a> Although peripheral to their main goals, the Germans inconclusively considered a land invasion of India throughout 1941. By the spring of 1942, the German army was <a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)#Don,_Volga,_and_Caucasus:_Summer_1942" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">mired in Russia</a> and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201187–88-63">[40]</a> <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 agreed to arrange a submarine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114–116-64">[41]</a> During this time, Bose became a father; his wife,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[x]</a> or companion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990344–345-66">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[y]</a> <a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a>, gave birth to <a href="Anita_Bose_Pfaff" title="Anita Bose Pfaff">a baby girl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115,_65–67-68">[43]</a> Identifying strongly with the <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141–143-69">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2005255-70">[45]</a> Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese-held Sumatra</a> in May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141–143-69">[44]</a>

With Japanese support, Bose revamped the <a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA), which comprised Indian <a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> of the <a href="British_Indian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian army">British Indian army</a> who had been captured by the Japanese in the <a href="Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008avii–ix,_xvi–xvii,_210–212-71">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordon-ijss-ina-72">[47]</a> A <a href="Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a> (Azad Hind) was declared on the <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese-occupied</a> <a href="Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> and was nominally presided over by Bose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow199331–32-73">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[z]</a> Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese considered him to be militarily unskilled,<a href="#cite_note-gordonunrealistic-45">[27]</a> and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945, the British Indian Army reversed the Japanese <a href="Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">attack on India</a>. Almost half of the Japanese forces and fully half of the participating INA contingent were killed.<a href="#cite_note-76">[aa]</a> The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with the <a href="Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">recapture of Singapore</a>. Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> which he believed to have turned anti-British.

Bose <a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed</a> in <a href="Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese Taiwan</a> on 18 August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-78">[ab]</a> Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred,<a href="#cite_note-79">[ac]</a> expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence.<a href="#cite_note-81">[ad]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[ae]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[af]</a> The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a> The British Raj, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the <a href="Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Indian National Army trials">Indian National Army trials</a>, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress,<a href="#cite_note-88">[ag]</a> and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">[13]</a> Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-90">[ah]</a> Many on the right and far-right often venerate him as a champion of Indian nationalism as well as Hindu identity by spreading conspiracy theories.<a href="#cite_note-91">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[60]</a> His collaborations with <a href="Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Japanese fascism</a> and <a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> pose serious ethical dilemmas,<a href="#cite_note-disturbing-32">[m]</a> especially his reluctance to publicly criticise the worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1897–1921:_Early_life">1897–1921: Early life</h3></div>

Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents <a href="Prabhabati_Bose" title="Prabhabati Bose">Prabhabati Bose</a> (<a href="Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Dutt) and <a href="Janakinath_Bose" title="Janakinath Bose">Janakinath Bose</a> on 23 January 1897 in <a href="Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>—in what is today the state of <a href="Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in India but was part of the <a href="Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> in <a href="British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[ai]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[aj]</a> Prabhabati, or familiarly Mā jananī (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mother'), the anchor of family life, had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter. Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon19909,_14-100">[64]</a> Jankinath, a successful lawyer and government <a href="Advocate" title="Advocate">pleader</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20111-98">[63]</a> was loyal to the government of <a href="British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and scrupulous about matters of language and the law. A self-made man from the rural outskirts of <a href="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, he had remained in touch with his roots, returning annually to his village during the <a href="Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">pooja</a> holidays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199012,_13-101">[65]</a>

Following his five older brothers, Bose entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in <a href="Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a> in January 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199032-9">[7]</a> English was the medium of all instruction in the school, the majority of the students being European or <a href="Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a> of mixed British and Indian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103-96">[62]</a> The curriculum included English—correctly written and spoken—Latin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103-96">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199032-9">[7]</a> The choice of the school was Bose's father's, who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation, believing both to be important for access to the British in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199011-102">[66]</a> The school contrasted with Subhas's home, where only <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> was spoken. At home, his mother worshipped the <a href="Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> goddesses <a href="Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, told stories from the epics <a href="Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, and sang Bengali religious songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199032-9">[7]</a> From her, Subhas imbibed a nurturing spirit, looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199033-10">[8]</a> His father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life, was a distant presence in a large family, causing Subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199031–32-103">[67]</a> Still, Janakinath read <a href="English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> avidly—<a href="John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a>, <a href="Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, and <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> being among his favourites; several of his sons were to become English literature enthusiasts like him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199011-102">[66]</a>

In 1909, the 12-year-old Subhas Bose followed his five brothers to the <a href="Ravenshaw_Collegiate_School" title="Ravenshaw Collegiate School">Ravenshaw Collegiate School</a> in Cuttack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199033-10">[8]</a> Here, Bengali and <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> were also taught, as were ideas from Hindu scriptures such as the <a href="Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the <a href="Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> not usually picked up at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199033-10">[8]</a> Although his Western education continued apace, he began to wear Indian clothes and engage in religious speculation. To his mother, he wrote long letters which displayed acquaintance with the ideas of the Bengali mystic <a href="Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Paramahamsa">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a> and his disciple <a href="Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, and the novel <a href="Ananda_Math" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda Math">Ananda Math</a> by <a href="Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>, popular then among young Hindu men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199034–35-105">[69]</a> Despite the preoccupation, Subhas was able to demonstrate an ability when needed to focus on his studies, to compete, and to succeed in exams. In 1912, he secured the second position in the matriculation examination conducted under the auspices of the <a href="University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199019,_37-106">[70]</a>

Subhas Bose followed his five brothers again in 1913 to <a href="Presidency_College%2C_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Kolkata">Presidency College, Calcutta</a>, the historic and traditional college for Bengal's upper-<a href="Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> Hindu men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199019,_37-106">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199020-107">[71]</a> He chose to study philosophy, his readings including <a href="Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a> and other <a href="Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199037-108">[72]</a> A year earlier, he had befriended <a href="Hemanta_Kumar_Sarkar" title="Hemanta Kumar Sarkar">Hemanta Kumar Sarkar</a>, a confidant and partner in religious yearnings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a> At Presidency, their emotional ties grew stronger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a> In the fanciful language of religious imagery, they declared their pure love for each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a> In the long vacations of 1914, they traveled to northern India for several months to search for a spiritual <a href="Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> to guide them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a> Subhas's family was not told clearly about the trip, leading them to think he had run away. During the trip, in which the guru proved elusive, Subhas came down with typhoid fever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a> His absence caused emotional distress to his parents, leading both parents to break down upon his return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a> Heated words were exchanged between <a href="Janakinath_Bose" title="Janakinath Bose">Janakinath</a> and Subhas. It took the return of Subhas's favorite brother, <a href="Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a>, from law studies in England for the tempers to subside. Subhas returned to presidency and busied himself with studies, debating and student journalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">[73]</a>

In February 1916, Bose was alleged to have masterminded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20111-98">[63]</a> or participated in, an incident involving E. F. Oaten, Professor of History at Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">[9]</a> Before the incident, it was claimed by the students, Oaten had made rude remarks about Indian culture, and collared and pushed some students; according to Oaten, the students were making an unacceptably loud noise just outside his class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">[9]</a> A few days later, on 15 February, some students accosted Oaten on a stairway, surrounded him, beat him with sandals, and took to flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">[9]</a> An inquiry committee was constituted. Although Oaten, who was unhurt, could not identify his assailants, a college servant testified to seeing Subhas Bose and his classmate Ananga Dam among those fleeing, confirming for the authorities what they had determined to be the rumour among the students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">[9]</a> Both Bose and Ananga Dam<a href="#cite_note-110">[74]</a> were expelled from the college and rusticated from the University of Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199049-111">[75]</a> The incident shocked Calcutta and caused anguish to Bose's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20111-98">[63]</a> He was ordered back to Cuttack. His family's connections were employed to pressure <a href="Asutosh_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Asutosh Mukherjee">Asutosh Mukherjee</a>, the Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199049-111">[75]</a> Despite this, Subhas Bose's expulsion remained in place until 20 July 1917, when the Syndicate of Calcutta University granted him permission to return, but to another college.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199052-12">[10]</a> He joined <a href="Scottish_Church_College%2C_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Church College, Calcutta">Scottish Church College</a>, receiving his B.A. in 1918 in the <a href="British_undergraduate_degree_classification#First-class_honours" title="British undergraduate degree classification">First Class</a> with honours in philosophy, placing second among all philosophy students in Calcutta University.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199054-112">[76]</a>

At his father's urging, Subhas Bose agreed to travel to England to prepare and appear for the <a href="Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Civil Service (British India)">Indian Civil Services</a> (ICS) examination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199055-113">[77]</a> Arriving in London on 20 October 1919, Subhas readied his application for the ICS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199055–56-114">[78]</a> For his references he put down <a href="Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha%2C_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Lord Sinha of Raipur</a>, Under Secretary of State for India, and <a href="Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendranath Basu</a>, a wealthy Calcutta lawyer who sat on the Council of India in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199055-113">[77]</a> Bose was eager also to gain admission to a college at the <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199056-115">[79]</a> It was past the deadline for admission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199056-115">[79]</a> He sought help from some Indian students and from the Non-Collegiate Students Board. The Board offered the university's education at an economical cost without formal admission to a college. Bose <a href="Matriculation#United_Kingdom" title="Matriculation">entered the register</a> of the university on 19 November 1919 and simultaneously set about preparing for the Civil Service exams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199056-115">[79]</a> He chose the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199056-115">[79]</a> its completion requirement reduced to two years on account of his Indian B. A.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1995179-116">[80]</a>

There were six vacancies in the ICS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059-117">[81]</a> Subhas Bose took the open competitive exam for them in August 1920 and was placed fourth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059-117">[81]</a> This was a vital first step.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059-117">[81]</a> Still remaining was a final examination in 1921 on more topics on India, including the <a href="Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a>, the <a href="Indian_Evidence_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Evidence Act">Indian Evidence Act</a>, Indian history, and an Indian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059-117">[81]</a> Successful candidates had also to clear a riding test. Having no fear of these subjects and being a rider, Subhas Bose felt the ICS was within easy reach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059-117">[81]</a> Yet between August 1920 and 1921 he began to have doubts about taking the final examination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059–60-118">[82]</a> Many letters were exchanged with his father and his brother <a href="Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a> back in Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199060-119">[83]</a> In one letter to Sarat, Subhas wrote, <blockquote>"But for a man of my temperament who has been feeding on ideas that might be called eccentric—the line of least resistance is not the best line to follow ... The uncertainties of life are not appalling to one who has not, at heart, worldly ambitions. Moreover, it is not possible to serve one's country in the best and fullest manner if one is chained on to the civil service."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199060-119">[83]</a></blockquote> In April 1921, Subhas Bose made his decision firm not to take the final examination for the ICS and wrote to Sarat informing him of the same, apologising for the pain he would cause to his father, his mother, and other members of his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199061-120">[84]</a> On 22 April 1921, he wrote to the <a href="Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, <a href="Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a>, stating, "I wish to have my name removed from the list of probationers in the Indian Civil Service."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199062-121">[85]</a> The following day he wrote again to Sarat:<blockquote>I received a letter from mother saying that in spite of what father and others think she prefers the ideals for which Mahatma Gandhi stands. I cannot tell you how happy I have been to receive such a letter. It will be worth a treasure for me as it has removed something like a burden from my mind."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199063-122">[86]</a></blockquote>

For some time before Subhas Bose had been in touch with <a href="C._R._Das" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Das">C. R. Das</a>, a lawyer who had risen to the helm of politics in Bengal; Das encouraged Subhas to return to Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199062–63-123">[87]</a> With the ICS decision now firmly behind him, Subhas Bose took his Cambridge B.A. Final examinations half-heartedly, passing, but being placed in the <a href="British_undergraduate_degree_classification#Third-class_honours" title="British undergraduate degree classification">Third Class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199063-122">[86]</a> He prepared to sail for India in June 1921, electing for a fellow Indian student to pick up his diploma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199062–63-123">[87]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1921–1932:_Indian_National_Congress">1921–1932: Indian National Congress</h3></div>

Subhas Bose, aged 24, arrived ashore in India at Bombay on the morning of 16 July 1921 and immediately set about arranging an interview with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi, aged 51, was the leader of the <a href="Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> that had taken India by storm the previous year and in a quarter-century would evolve to secure its independence.<a href="#cite_note-125">[ak]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[al]</a> Gandhi happened to be in Bombay and agreed to see Bose that afternoon. In Bose's account of the meeting, written many years later, he pilloried Gandhi with question after question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a> Bose thought Gandhi's answers were vague, his goals unclear, his plan for achieving them not thought through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a> Gandhi and Bose differed in this first meeting on the question of means—for Gandhi non-violent means to any end were non-negotiable; in Bose's thought, all means were acceptable in the service of anti-colonial ends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a> They differed on the question of ends—Bose was attracted to totalitarian models of governance, which were anathematised by Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20112-129">[91]</a> According to historian Gordon, "Gandhi, however, set Bose on to the leader of the Congress and Indian nationalism in Bengal, C. R. Das, and in him Bose found the leader whom he sought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a> Das was more flexible than Gandhi, more sympathetic to the extremism that had attracted idealistic young men such as Bose in Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a> Das launched Bose into nationalist politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a> Bose would work within the ambit of the Indian National Congress politics for nearly 20 years even as he tried to change its course.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">[90]</a>

In 1922 Bose founded the newspaper Swaraj and assumed charge of the publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToye2007-130">[92]</a> His mentor was <a href="Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a>, a voice for aggressive nationalism in <a href="Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. In 1923, Bose was elected the President of <a href="Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a> and also the Secretary of the Bengal State Congress. He became the editor of the newspaper "Forward", which had been founded by <a href="Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabortyBhaṭṭācārya1989-131">[93]</a> Bose worked as the CEO of the <a href="Calcutta_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta Municipal Corporation">Calcutta Municipal Corporation</a> for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVas200832-132">[94]</a> During the same year, when Bose was leading a protest march in Calcutta, he, <a href="Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a> and other leaders were arrested and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav-133">[95]</a> After a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was sent to prison in <a href="Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a>, where he contracted <a href="Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVipul2009116-134">[96]</a>

In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked with Jawaharlal Nehru for independence. In late December 1928, Bose organised the Annual Meeting of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190-135">[97]</a> His most memorable role was as <a href="General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">general officer commanding</a> (GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190-135">[97]</a> Author <a href="Nirad_Chaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirad Chaudhuri">Nirad Chaudhuri</a> wrote about the meeting: <blockquote>Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers were even provided with steel-cut epaulettes ... his uniform was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in <a href="Fort_William%2C_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a> and was the subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi as a sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting, and he afterward described the Calcutta session of the Congress as a <a href="Bertram_Mills" title="Bertram Mills">Bertram Mills circus</a>, which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190-135">[97]</a></blockquote>

A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for <a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>; this time he emerged to become <a href="Mayor_of_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Kolkata">Mayor</a> of Calcutta in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVipul2009116-134">[96]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933–1937:_Illness,_Austria,_Emilie_Schenkl">1933–1937: Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl</h3></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:200px;overflow:hidden"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:295px;max-width:295px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:200px;overflow:hidden"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(left) Bose with <a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a>, in Bad Gastein, Austria, 1936; (right) Bose, <a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> president-elect, centre, in Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937, with (left to right) <a href="A._C._N._Nambiar" title="A. C. N. Nambiar">A. C. N. Nambiar</a> (Bose's second-in-command, Berlin, 1941–1945), Heidi Fulop-Miller, Schenkl, and Amiya Bose.</div></div></div></div>

During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, including <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action.<a href="#cite_note-136">[98]</a> In this period, he also researched and wrote the first part of his book <a href="The_Indian_Struggle" title="The Indian Struggle">The Indian Struggle</a>, which covered the country's independence movement in the years 1920–1934. Although it was published in London in 1935, the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseBose1997-137">[99]</a> Bose was supported in Europe by the Indian Central European Society organised by <a href="Otto_Faltis" title="Otto Faltis">Otto Faltis</a> from Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-138">[100]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1940:_Indian_National_Congress">1937–1940: Indian National Congress</h3></div>

In 1938 Bose stated his opinion that the INC "should be organised on the broadest anti-imperialist front with the two-fold objective of winning political freedom and the establishment of a socialist regime."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004-139">[101]</a> By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress President. He stood for unqualified <a href="Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a> (self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosh1992-140">[102]</a> splitting the Indian National Congress party.

Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru; he appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidate <a href="Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay1989-145">[105]</a> <a href="U._Muthuramalingam_Thevar" class="mw-redirect" title="U. Muthuramalingam Thevar">U. Muthuramalingam Thevar</a> strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhadnis2009185-146">[106]</a> However, due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency.

On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the <a href="All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a> a faction within the Indian National Congress,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadhy2011234-147">[107]</a> aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was a staunch supporter of Bose from the beginning, joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception.

When Subhas Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai, on an invitation of <a href="Muthuramalinga_Thevar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthuramalinga Thevar">Muthuramalinga Thevar</a> to amass support for the Forward Bloc, he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak.

His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> leaders and political thinkers like <a href="Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, <a href="George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a>, <a href="Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, <a href="Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a>, <a href="Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, <a href="J.B.S._Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.S. Haldane">J.B.S. Haldane</a>, <a href="Ivor_Jennings" title="Ivor Jennings">Ivor Jennings</a>, <a href="G.D.H._Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="G.D.H. Cole">G.D.H. Cole</a>, <a href="Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a> and Sir <a href="Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a>.

He came to believe that an independent India needed socialist authoritarianism, on the lines of Turkey's <a href="Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a>, for at least two decades. For political reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at <a href="Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. During his sojourn in England Bose tried to schedule appointments with several politicians, but only the Labour Party and <a href="Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> politicians agreed to meet with him. <a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> officials refused to meet him or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even <a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 1945–1951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.

On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy <a href="Lord_Linlithgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a>'s decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in Calcutta calling for the removal of the <a href="Black_Hole_of_Calcutta#Monument_to_the_victims" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">"Holwell Monument"</a>, which then stood at the corner of <a href="Dalhousie_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Square">Dalhousie Square</a> in memoriam of those who died in the <a href="Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999-148">[108]</a> He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the <a href="Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">CID</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurga_Das_Pvt._Ltd1985-149">[109]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941:_Escape_to_Nazi_Germany">1941: Escape to Nazi Germany</h3></div>

Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Nazi Germany, via <a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a <a href="Pathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathan">Pathan</a> (brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Road house in Calcutta on the night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew <a href="Sisir_Kumar_Bose" title="Sisir Kumar Bose">Sisir Kumar Bose</a>, later reaching Gomoh Railway Station (now <a href="Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_Gomoh_railway_station" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh Station</a>) in the then state of Bihar (now <a href="Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>), India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiwal2017a-150">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiwal2017b-151">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalwar1976-152">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990-153">[113]</a>

Bose journeyed to <a href="Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> with the help of the <a href="Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and <a href="Bhagat_Ram_Talwar" title="Bhagat Ram Talwar">Bhagat Ram Talwar</a>. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through <a href="British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>'s <a href="North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North West frontier</a> with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak <a href="Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>, it would have made him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide <a href="Bhagat_Ram_Talwar" title="Bhagat Ram Talwar">Bhagat Ram Talwar</a>, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalwar1976-152">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990-153">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1997554-154">[114]</a>

Supporters of the <a href="Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a> helped him across the border into <a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the <a href="Organization_Todt" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization Todt">Organization Todt</a> who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via <a href="Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to the border with the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. After assuming the guise of a <a href="Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and from there he travelled to <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalwar1976-152">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990-153">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2004-155">[115]</a> Once in Russia the <a href="NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> transported Bose to <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> where he hoped that Russia's historical enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, <a href="Friedrich_Werner_von_der_Schulenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg">Count von der Schulenburg</a>. He had Bose flown on to <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from <a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> and the Foreign Ministry officials at the <a href="Wilhelmstrasse" title="Wilhelmstrasse">Wilhelmstrasse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalwar1976-152">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990-153">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar199710–14-156">[116]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941–1943:_Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany">1941–1943: Collaboration with Nazi Germany</h3></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:143px;overflow:hidden"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:143px;overflow:hidden"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(left) Bose with <a href="Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the <a href="SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>; (right) Bose meeting <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></div></div></div></div>

In Germany, Bose was attached to the <a href="Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a> under <a href="Adam_von_Trott_zu_Solz" title="Adam von Trott zu Solz">Adam von Trott zu Solz</a> which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored <a href="Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2016-157">[117]</a> He founded the Free India Centre in Berlin and created the <a href="Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a> (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in <a href="North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a> prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the <a href="Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a>. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogated control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the <a href="Indische_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indische Legion">Azad Hind Legion</a>; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2004-155">[115]</a>

Soon, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for (Bose) along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any involvement."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201167-158">[118]</a> However, most of the staff in the <a href="Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a>, which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990446-159">[119]</a> In particular <a href="Adam_von_Trott_zu_Solz" title="Adam von Trott zu Solz">Adam von Trott</a>, Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian <a href="Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Leonard A. Gordon</a>, "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990446-159">[119]</a> In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter.

The Germans were unwilling to form an alliance with Bose because they considered him unpopular in comparison with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-visionideas-160">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011111-161">[121]</a> By the spring of 1942, the German army was <a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)#Don,_Volga,_and_Caucasus:_Summer_1942" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">mired in the USSR</a>. Bose, due to disappointment over the lack of response from Nazi Germany, was now keen to move to Southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. However, he still expected official recognition from Nazi Germany. <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 refused to entertain Bose's requests and facilitated him with a submarine voyage to East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114–116-64">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashis-162">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunphy-163">[123]</a>

In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied southeast Asia. In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose boarded a German <a href="U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> and left for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2004-155">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauner198128–29-164">[124]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943–1945:_Japanese-occupied_Asia">1943–1945: Japanese-occupied Asia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> and <a href="Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></div>

In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, Bose left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarine <a href="U-180" class="mw-redirect" title="U-180">U-180</a> around the <a href="Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the <a href="Japanese_submarine_I-29" title="Japanese submarine I-29">I-29</a> for the rest of the journey to <a href="Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalwar1976-152">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990-153">[113]</a>

The <a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General) <a href="Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">Iwaichi Fujiwara</a>, head of the Japanese intelligence unit <a href="Fujiwara_Kikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara Kikan">Fujiwara Kikan</a>. Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay199574–75-165">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a21–23-166">[126]</a> He first met <a href="Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh Dhillon</a>, the president of the <a href="Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> chapter of the <a href="Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a>, and through Pritam Singh's network recruited a captured British Indian army captain, <a href="General_Mohan_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="General Mohan Singh">Mohan Singh</a>, on the western <a href="Malayan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan peninsula">Malayan peninsula</a> in December 1941. The <a href="First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a> was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a24–25-167">[127]</a>

This was along the concept of, and with support of, what was then known as the <a href="Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a> headed from Tokyo by expatriate nationalist leader <a href="Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a>. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the <a href="Hikari_Kikan" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a> and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the <a href="Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a> (named after Rani <a href="Lakshmi_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Bai">Lakshmi Bai</a>) headed by Capt. <a href="Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Swaminathan</a>, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2002-168">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarique-169">[129]</a>

Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the <a href="Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a> movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in <a href="Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan, <a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, the <a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, the <a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a> in <a href="Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China, a provisional government of Burma, <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and Japanese-controlled <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called <a href="Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a> as an observer in November 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGotoKratoska200357–58-170">[130]</a>

The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of <a href="Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>. INA's special forces, the <a href="Bahadur_Group" title="Bahadur Group">Bahadur Group</a>, were involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards <a href="Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a> and <a href="Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[131]</a>

The <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the <a href="Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> with Lt Col. <a href="Arcot_Doraiswamy_Loganadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot Doraiswamy Loganadan">Arcot Doraiswamy Loganadan</a> appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed Shaheed (Martyr) and Swaraj (Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, his Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League, <a href="Diwan_Singh" title="Diwan Singh">Diwan Singh</a>, who later died of his injuries in the <a href="Cellular_Jail" title="Cellular Jail">Cellular Jail</a>. During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh249-172">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2007325-173">[133]</a>

On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour flag, modelled after that of the Indian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town of <a href="Moirang" title="Moirang">Moirang</a>, in <a href="Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had the Axis codename of <a href="Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a>.

During this operation, on 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the <a href="Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a> from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation.<a href="#cite_note-174">[134]</a> The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in the towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever.

Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla, <a href="Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>, Nyangyu and <a href="Mount_Popa" title="Mount Popa">Mount Popa</a>. However, with the fall of <a href="Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards <a href="British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> or made for <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some <a href="INA_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="INA trials">tried for treason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-White-Spunner_2017_p._13-175">[135]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18_August_1945:_Death">18 August 1945: Death</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death of Subhas Chandra Bose</a></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:280px;overflow:hidden"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:280px;overflow:hidden"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(left) The last aeroplane journeys of Subhas Chandra Bose; flight paths: blue (completed), red (not completed); (right) A memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose in the <a href="Renk%C5%8Dji_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Renkōji Temple">Renkōji Temple</a>, Tokyo. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda</div></div></div></div>

Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns after his airplane crashed in <a href="Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese-ruled Formosa</a> (now <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072-176">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427-23">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-dod-combined-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordon-bose-death-7">[5]</a> However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072-176">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722-80">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339–340-82">[52]</a> Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072-176">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[ao]</a> keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">[13]</a>

In <a href="Taipei" title="Taipei">Taihoku</a>, at around 2:30 pm as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540-178">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1995384-179">[138]</a> The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a> It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the propeller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540-178">[137]</a> The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540-178">[137]</a> Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General <a href="Tsunamasa_Shidei" title="Tsunamasa Shidei">Tsunamasa Shidei</a>, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a195–196-181">[140]</a> were instantly killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">[141]</a> Bose's assistant <a href="Raja_Habib_ur_Rahman_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Habib ur Rahman Khan">Habibur Rahman</a> was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a> When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">[141]</a> They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">[141]</a> The ground staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a> The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">[141]</a> Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">[141]</a> According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a> The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 pm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">[141]</a> Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542-183">[142]</a> Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would live.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542-183">[142]</a> Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542-183">[142]</a> According to historian <a href="Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Leonard A. Gordon</a>, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,

<blockquote>A disinfectant, <a href="Ethacridine_lactate" title="Ethacridine lactate">Rivamol</a> [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of <a href="Camphor#Medicinal_uses" title="Camphor">Vita Camphor</a> and two of <a href="Digitalis#Cardiac" title="Digitalis">Digitamine</a> for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also given <a href="Ringer's_solution" title="Ringer's solution">Ringer solution</a> intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542-184">[143]</a></blockquote>

Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542-184">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a> A few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm (local time) on Saturday, 18 August 1945, Bose died aged 48.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542-184">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a>

Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990543-185">[144]</a> On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">[139]</a> On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990544–545-186">[145]</a> On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the <a href="Renk%C5%8Dji_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Renkōji Temple">Renkōji Temple</a> of <a href="Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a> in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a197–198-187">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990545-188">[147]</a> There they have remained ever since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990545-188">[147]</a>

Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a> The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis, faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a> In India the Indian National Congress's official line was succinctly expressed in a letter Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi wrote to <a href="Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkumari Amrit Kaur">Rajkumari Amrit Kaur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a> Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a> Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered was <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> fascism. The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. The British Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA, tried 300 INA officers for treason in the <a href="INA_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="INA trials">INA trials</a>, but eventually backtracked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Political_views_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose">Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose</a></div>

Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the <a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoaCribb2003-189">[148]</a> <a href="Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>'s teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseWerthJogAyer1996-190">[149]</a> Some scholars think that Hindu spirituality formed an essential part of his political and social thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri1987-191">[150]</a> As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990-192">[151]</a>

Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls <a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>" in a 1930 speech in Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasricha200864–65-193">[152]</a>

Bose later criticised Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between <a href="Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong". Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose201198-194">[153]</a> In 1944, Bose similarly stated, "Our philosophy should be a synthesis between <a href="National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> and communism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanker_Kapoor2017-195">[154]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</h3></div>

Bose believed that authoritarianism could bring liberation and reconstruction of Indian society.<a href="#cite_note-196">[155]</a> He expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s; he thought they could be used to build an independent India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999-148">[108]</a>

To a large number of Congress leaders, Bose programme shared enough similarities with Japanese fascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010345-197">[156]</a> After getting marginalised within Congress, Bose chose to embrace fascist regimes as allies against the British and fled India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louro-bose-29">[18]</a> Bose believed that India "must have a political system—State—of an authoritarian character," and "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come".<a href="#cite_note-198">[157]</a>

Earlier, Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy20047–8-199">[158]</a> However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building.<a href="#cite_note-201">[ap]</a> Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported the empowerment of women, secularism and other <a href="Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</a> ideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999-148">[108]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h3></div>

Since before the beginning of World War II, Bose was opposed to the attempts to grant Jewish refugees asylum in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165–166-202">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[161]</a> The great anti-Jewish pogrom called "<a href="Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">the Night of Broken Glass</a>" happened on 9 November 1938. In early December, the pro-<a href="Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> journals published articles lending support to German anti-Semitism. This stance brought Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, issued a statement containing references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed this stance of the party. After some months in April 1939, Bose refused to support the party motion that Jews can find refuge in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasolari202089–90-33">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-combined-antisemetic-204">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[166]</a>

In 1938, Bose had denounced Nazi racial policy and persecution of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-209">[167]</a> However, in 1942 he had published an article in the journal Angriff, where he wrote that Indians were true Aryans and the 'brethren' of the Germans. Bose added that <a href="Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> (symbol of Nazi Germany) was an ancient Indian symbol. Bose urged that anti-Semitism should be part of Indian liberation movement because the Jews assisted the British to exploit Indians.<a href="#cite_note-210">[168]</a> <a href="The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a> had condemned Bose as "India's anti-Jewish <a href="Quisling" title="Quisling">Quisling</a>" over this article.<a href="#cite_note-211">[169]</a>

Romain Hayes describes the troubled legacy of Bose with atrocities related to Jews in the following words:

<blockquote>The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of <a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> end up with <a href="Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, <a href="Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>, and <a href="Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tojo</a>? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165-95">[61]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2></div>

His most famous quote was "Give me blood and I will give you freedom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2010b-212">[170]</a> Another famous quote was Dilli Chalo ("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. Another slogan coined by him was "Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani" (Urdu for "Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy199651ff-213">[171]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

Bose's defiance of British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians,<a href="#cite_note-214">[aq]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[ar]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[as]</a> however his wartime alliances with <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> left a legacy fraught with authoritarianism, <a href="Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>, and <a href="Military_incompetence" title="Military incompetence">military failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[at]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-combined-military-lead-46">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[au]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[av]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Bose on 1964 stamps of India</div></div></div></div>

Bose was featured on the stamps in India from 1964, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2016, 2018 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-221">[173]</a> Bose was also featured in ₹2 coins in 1996 and 1997, ₹75 coin in 2018 and ₹125 coin in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-222">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[176]</a> <a href="Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a> at Kolkata, West Bengal. <a href="Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_Gomoh_railway_station" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station</a> at Gomoh, Jharkhand. <a href="Netaji_Express" title="Netaji Express">Netaji Express</a>, a train runs between <a href="Howrah_railway_station" title="Howrah railway station">Howrah</a>, West Bengal and <a href="Kalka" title="Kalka">Kalka</a>, Haryana. <a href="Cuttack_Netaji_Bus_Terminal" title="Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal">Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal</a> at Cuttack, Odisha. <a href="Netaji_Bhavan_metro_station" title="Netaji Bhavan metro station">Netaji Bhavan metro station</a> and <a href="Netaji_metro_station" title="Netaji metro station">Netaji metro station</a> at Kolkata, West Bengal and <a href="Netaji_Subhash_Place_metro_station" title="Netaji Subhash Place metro station">Netaji Subhash Place metro station</a> at Delhi. <a href="Ross_Island%2C_South_Andaman_district" title="Ross Island, South Andaman district">Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island</a> at Andaman and Nicobar Island. <a href="Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_Setu" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu</a> (Longest bridge of Odisha) at Cuttack, Odisha. <a href="Netaji_Subhash_Chandra_Bose_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road">Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road</a> at Kolkata, West Bengal. <a href="INA_War_Museum" title="INA War Museum">INA War Museum</a> at Moirang, Manipur. <a href="Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a> at Kolkata, West Bengal, <a href="DDA_Netaji_Subhash_Sports_Complex" title="DDA Netaji Subhash Sports Complex">DDA Netaji Subhash Sports Complex</a> at Delhi, <a href="Netaji_Stadium" title="Netaji Stadium">Netaji Stadium</a> at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Island. <a href="Netaji_Subhas_Open_University" title="Netaji Subhas Open University">Netaji Subhas Open University</a> at Kolkata, West Bengal, <a href="Netaji_Subhash_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Netaji Subhash University of Technology">Netaji Subhash University of Technology</a> at Delhi, <a href="Netaji_Subhas_University" title="Netaji Subhas University">Netaji Subhas University</a> at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand and many other things in India are named after him. On 23 August 2007, <a href="Japanese_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Prime Minister">Japanese Prime Minister</a>, <a href="Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> visited the <a href="Netaji_Bhawan" title="Netaji Bhawan">Netaji Bhawan</a> in <a href="Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2007-225">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu2007-226">[178]</a> Abe, who is also the recipient of Netaji Award 2022,<a href="#cite_note-227">[179]</a> said to Bose's family "The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose's strong will to have led the <a href="Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> from British rule. Netaji is a much respected name in Japan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2007-225">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu2007-226">[178]</a>

In 2021, the <a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> declared 23 January as <a href="Netaji_Jayanti" title="Netaji Jayanti">Parakram Divas</a> to commemorate the birth anniversary of Subhas Chandra Bose. Political party, <a href="Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a> and the <a href="All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a> demanded that the day should be observed as 'Deshprem Divas'.<a href="#cite_note-228">[180]</a> In 2019, the <a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> inaugurated a museum on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his INA at <a href="Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, New Delhi. In 2022, <a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> inaugurated a Statue of <a href="Statue_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose</a> at <a href="India_Gate" title="India Gate">India Gate</a>. Also in the same year, <a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> started an official award <a href="Subhas_Chandra_Bose_Aapda_Prabandhan_Puraskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar">Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar</a>, for those who do excellent work in disaster management.<a href="#cite_note-229">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[182]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h3></div>

<ul><li>Netaji Subhash, a feature documentary film about Bose was released in 1947, it was directed by Chhotubhai Desai.<a href="#cite_note-film-231">[183]</a></li>

<li><a href="Subhas_Chandra" title="Subhas Chandra">Subhas Chandra</a> is a 1966 Indian <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>-language biographical film, directed by Pijush Basu.<a href="#cite_note-232">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas_Gupta2015-233">[185]</a></li>

<li>Neta Ji Subhash Chandra Bose is a 1966 Indian biographical drama film about Bose by <a href="Hemen_Gupta" title="Hemen Gupta">Hemen Gupta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-film-231">[183]</a></li>

<li>In 2004, <a href="Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a> directed the biographical film, <a href="Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%3A_The_Forgotten_Hero" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero</a> depicting his life in <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1941–1943), in Japanese-occupied Asia (1943–1945) and the events leading to the formation of <a href="Azad_Hind_Fauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Hind Fauj">Azad Hind Fauj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalam2005-234">[186]</a> The film received critical acclaim at the <a href="BFI_London_Film_Festival" title="BFI London Film Festival">BFI London Film Festival</a>, and has garnered the <a href="Nargis_Dutt_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_on_National_Integration" title="Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration">National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration</a>, and the <a href="National_Film_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Award for Best Art Direction">National Film Award for Best Production Design</a> for that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandohar2005-235">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Guardian2005-236">[188]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahanayak_(novel)" title="Mahanayak (novel)">Mahanayak</a>, 2005 published <a href="Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> historical novel on the life of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by Marathi author <a href="Vishvas_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvas Patil">Vishvas Patil</a>.</li>

<li><a href="His_Majesty's_Opponent" title="His Majesty's Opponent">His Majesty's Opponent</a>, a biography of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by <a href="Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Sugata Bose</a>, published in 2011.</li>

<li>Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery, a 2016 documentary film by Iqbal Malhotra, follows conspiracy theories regarding Bose's death.<a href="#cite_note-237">[189]</a></li>

<li>Netaji Bose – The Lost Treasure is a 2017 television documentary film which aired on <a href="History_TV18" title="History TV18">History TV18</a>, it explores the <a href="INA_treasure_controversy" title="INA treasure controversy">INA treasure controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryTV18-238">[190]</a></li>

<li>In 2017, <a href="ALTBalaji" class="mw-redirect" title="ALTBalaji">ALTBalaji</a> and BIG Synergy Media, released a 9-episode web series, <a href="Bose%3A_Dead/Alive" title="Bose: Dead/Alive">Bose: Dead/Alive</a>, created by <a href="Ekta_Kapoor" title="Ekta Kapoor">Ekta Kapoor</a>, a dramatised version of the book India's Biggest Cover-up written by <a href="Anuj_Dhar" title="Anuj Dhar">Anuj Dhar</a>, which starred <a href="Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> actor <a href="Rajkummar_Rao" title="Rajkummar Rao">Rajkummar Rao</a> as Subhas Chandra Bose and Anna Ador as <a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a>. The series was praised by both audience and critics, for its plot, performance and production design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauri2017-239">[191]</a></li>

<li>In January 2019 <a href="Zee_Bangla" title="Zee Bangla">Zee Bangla</a> started broadcasting the daily television series <a href="Netaji_(TV_series)" title="Netaji (TV series)">Netaji</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Gumnaami" title="Gumnaami">Gumnaami</a> is a 2019 Indian <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <a href="Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">mystery film</a> directed by <a href="Srijit_Mukherji" title="Srijit Mukherji">Srijit Mukherji</a>, which deals with Netaji's death mystery, based on the <a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose#Mukherjee_Commission_2005" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Mukherjee Commission Hearings</a>.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Bombing of Rangoon in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death of Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_views_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose">Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Bibliography of Subhas Chandra Bose">Bibliography of Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Subhasji_(song)" title="Subhasji (song)">Subhasji</a></li>

<li><a href="Qadam_Qadam_Badhaye_Ja" title="Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja">Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhagwanji" title="Bhagwanji">Gumnami Baba</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of [the Andaman and Nicobar Islands] to Bose's forces, but a face-saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a 'jurisdiction', while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military... Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer, but did not succeed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990502–503-3">[3]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> His formal title after 21 October 1943 was: Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the <a href="Provisional_Government_of_Free_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Free India">Provisional Government of Free India</a>, which was based in <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese-occupied Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990502-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339-2">[2]</a> with jurisdiction but not sovereignty over <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese-occupied Andaman Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Expelled from the college and rusticated from the university, 15 February 1916;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">[9]</a> reinstated in the university 20 July 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199052-12">[10]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> "When another run-in between Professor Oaten and some students took place on February 15 (1916), a group of students including Subhas Bose, ... decided to take the law in their own hands. Coming down the broad staircase from the second floor, Oaten was surrounded (the) students who beat him with their sandals—and fled. Although Oaten himself was not able to identify any of the attackers, a bearer said he saw Subhas Bose and Ananga Dam among those fleeing. Rumors in student circles also placed Subhas among the group. An investigation was carried out by the college authorities, and these two were expelled from the college and rusticated from the university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">[9]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Upon arriving in Britain, Bose went up to Cambridge to gain admission. He managed to gain entry to Fitzwilliam Hall, a body for non-collegiate members of the University. Bose took the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> /ʃʊbˈhɑːs ˈtʃʌndrə ˈboʊs/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_name_in_his_own_voice.ogg\/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_name_in_his_own_voice.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Subhas Chandra Bose name in his own voice.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_name_in_his_own_voice.ogg/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_name_in_his_own_voice.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ shuub-HAHSS CHUN-drə BOHSS;<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>Bengali: [ʃubʰaʃ tʃɔn̪d̪rɔ bɔʃu]

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">[13]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004311-21">[14]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "But in death [Bose] was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427-23">[15]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">[13]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The deaths of Subhas Chandra Bose in August 1945 and Vallabhbhai Patel in December 1950 removed not only Nehru's principal competitors for national leadership but also powerful competitors for authoritarian state ideologies... Bose thought Hitler and Mussolini represented the wave of the future and would win the war they both anticipated...Styling himself Netaji (leader on the Fuhrer mode), [Bose] declared his objective to be liberation of India by military means.<a href="#cite_note-rudolph-rudolph-bose-27">[17]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Not all Indians, even within the Congress, agreed with the anti-fascist position of the CFD (Congress Foreign Department), and no foreign policy initiative went without contestation. There remained many in India who formally and informally challenged this position by supporting fascist regimes over anti-fascist solidarity. Most prominent was Subhas Chandra Bose, a left-leaning Congressmen from Bengal who famously aligned with and raised an Indian army to support the Axis powers in the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Louro-bose-29">[18]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-disturbing-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disturbing_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disturbing_32-1">b</a> "The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165-95">[61]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> In early December, pro-Hindu Mahasabha journals published articles in favour of German anti-Semitism. This stance brought the Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12th December, made a statement containing clear references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed the party stance. A few months later, in April 1939, he refused to support the party motion that Jews might find refuge in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasolari202089–90-33">[20]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the Jewish Chronicle of London as having published an article in Angriff, a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party.<a href="#cite_note-afreedi-2021-bose-35">[21]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> He had opposed Nehru in permitting political asylum to Jews fleeing Europe in 1939. He was prepared to ingratiate himself with Nazi ideology by writing for Goebbels's Der Angriff in 1942. He argued that anti-Semitism should become a factor in the struggle for Indian freedom since the Jews had collaborated with British imperialism to exploit the country and its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Shindler-Bose-37">[22]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Bose's anti-Jewish slur was no different from the anti-Semitic remarks in the League deliberations referred to earlier. Bose also opposed Nehru's efforts to provide asylum to a limited number of European Jewish refugees who were fleeing from Nazi persecution."<a href="#cite_note-kumaraswamy-bose-39">[23]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The INA's battlefield performance was quite poor when assessed either alongside the IJA or against the reformed Fourteenth Army on the battlefields of Assam and Burma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2014117–118-42">[25]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "the campaign revealed that [the INA] was largely a paper tiger."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreman2013124–125-47">[29]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "[The Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe] still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the evidence that both were busted flushes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011429-49">[30]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our [soldier] boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo '<a href="Fuehrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuehrer">Fuehrer</a>' or '<a href="Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a>', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Younger Congressmen, including Jawaharlal Nehru, ... thought that constitution-making, whether by the British with their (Simon) Commission or by moderate politicians like the elder (Motilal) Nehru, was not the way to achieve the fundamental changes in society. Nehru and Subhas Bose rallied a group within Congress ... to declare for an independent republic. (p. 305) ... (They) were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support (p. 325)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010305,_325-53">[32]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> "Having arrived in Berlin a bruised politician, his broadcasts brought him—and India—world notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011162-61">[39]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> "While writing The Indian Struggle, Bose also hired a secretary by the name of Emilie Schenkl. They eventually fell in love and married secretly in accordance with Hindu rites."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115-8">[6]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> "Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word (about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937), there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990344–345-66">[42]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> "Tojo turned over all his Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Azad ("Free") India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs. Some two million Indians were living in Southeast Asia when the Japanese seized control of that region, and these emigrees were the first "citizens" of that government, founded under the "protection" of Japan and headquartered on the "liberated" Andaman Islands. Bose declared war on the United States and Great Britain the day after his government was established. In January 1944 he moved his provisional capital to Rangoon and started his Indian National Army on their march north to the battle cry of the Meerut mutineers: "Chalo Delhi!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339-2">[2]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> "Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011295–296-75">[49]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> "In May 1945, Bose would fly out of Saigon on an overloaded Japanese plane, headed for Taiwan, which crash-landed and burned. Bose suffered third-degree burns and died in the hospital on <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Formosa</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert200969-77">[50]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "On 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427-23">[15]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> "There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722-80">[51]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> "Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339–340-82">[52]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> "Subhas Bose was dead, killed in 1945 in a plane crash in the Far East, even though many of his devotees waited—as Barbarossa's disciples had done in another time and in another country—for their hero's second coming."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterji2007278-84">[53]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> As cases began to come to trial, the Indian National Congress began to speak out in defence of INA prisoners, even though it had vocally opposed both the INA's narrative and methods during the war. The Muslim League and the Punjab Unionists followed suit. By mid-September, Nehru was becoming increasingly vocal in his view that trials of INA defendants should not move forward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2014129-87">[55]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> What he is remembered for is his vigor, his militancy, his readiness to trade blood (his own if necessary) for nationhood. In large parts of Uttar Pradesh, the historian Gyanendra Pandey has recently remarked, independence is popularly credited not to 'the quiet efforts at self¬regeneration initiated by Mahatma Gandhi,' but to 'the military daring of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1995522-89">[56]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> "On 23 January 1897 at Cuttack, Orissa, was born Subhas Chandra Bose, ninth child of Janakinath and Prabhabati Bose. Janakinath was a lawyer of a Kayastha family, and was wealthy enough to educate all his children well. By Indian standards this family of Bengali origin was well-to-do."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103-96">[62]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Bose was born into a prominent Bengali family on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack in the present-day state of Orissa. His father was a government pleader who was appointed to the Bengal Legislative Council in 1912."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20111-98">[63]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "Despite any whimsy in implementation, the clarity of Gandhi's political vision and the skill with which he carried the reforms in 1920 provided the foundation for what was to follow: twenty-five years of stewardship over the freedom movement. He knew the hazards to be negotiated. The British must be brought to a point where they would abdicate their rule without terrible destruction, thus assuring that freedom was not an empty achievement. To accomplish this he had to devise means of a moral sort, able to inspire the disciplined participation of millions of Indians, and equal to compelling the British to grant freedom, if not willingly, at least with resignation. Gandhi found his means in non-violent <a href="Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>. He insisted that it was not a cowardly form of resistance; rather, it required the most determined kind of courage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010297-124">[88]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Rt. Hon. <a href="Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">C. R. Attlee</a>, Prime Minister of Great Britain. Broadcast from London after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, 30 January 1948: "For a quarter of a century, this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem."<a href="#cite_note-Attlee-Gandhi-1948-1-30-126">[89]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> "On 4 November 1937, Subhas sent a letter to Emilie in German, saying that he would probably travel to Europe in the middle of November. "Please write to Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein," he instructed her, "and enquire if I (and you also) can stay there" He asked her to mention this message only to her parents, not to reply, and wait for his next airmail letter or telegram. On 16 November, he sent a cable: "Starting aeroplane arriving Badgastein twenty second arrange lodging and meet me. ... He spent a month and a half—from 22 November 1937, to 8 January 1938—with Emilie at his favourite resort of Badgastein."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2011127-141">[103]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> "On 26 December 1937, Subhas Chandra Bose secretly married Emilie Schenkl. Despite the obvious anguish, they chose to keep their relationship and marriage a closely guarded secret."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2011129–130-143">[104]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072-176">[136]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> "The Fundamental Problems of India" (An address to the Faculty and students of <a href="Tokyo_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo University">Tokyo University</a>, November 1944): "You cannot have a so-called democratic system, if that system has to put through economic reforms on a socialistic basis. Therefore we must have a political system—a State—of an authoritarian character. We have had some experience of democratic institutions in India and we have also studied the working of democratic institutions in countries like France, England, and the United States of America. And we have come to the conclusion that with a democratic system we cannot solve the problems of Free India. Therefore, modern progressive thought in India is in favour of a State of an authoritarian character"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseBose1997a319–320-200">[159]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> "His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">[13]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> "Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004311-21">[14]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> "Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427-23">[15]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> (p.117) the INA was raised during the Second World War, with the support of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA); lasted less than three years; and went through two different configurations during that period. In total, it numbered some 40,000 men and women, half of whom are estimated to have been recruited from Indian Army prisoners of war (POWs). The INA's battlefield performance was quite poor when assessed either alongside the IJA or against the reformed Fourteenth Army on the battlefields of Assam and Burma. Reports of its creation in 1942/3 caused consternation among the political and military leadership (p. 118) of the GOI, but in the end its formation did not constitute a legitimate mutiny, and its presence had a negligible impact on the Indian Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2014117–118-42">[25]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> "The (Japanese) Fifteenth Army, commanded by ... Maj.-General Mutuguchi Renya consisted of three experienced infantry divisions—15th, 31st and 33rd—totalling 100,000 combat troops, with the 7,000 strong 1st Indian National Army (INA) Division in support. It was hoped the latter would subvert the Indian Army's loyalty and precipitate a popular rising in British India, but in reality the campaign revealed that it was largely a paper tiger."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreman2013124–125-47">[29]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> "The real fault, however, must attach to the Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe. Dithering, ... prostrated with amoebic dysentery, he periodically reasoned that he must cancel <a href="Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a> in its entirety, but every time he summoned the courage to do so, a cable would arrive from Tokyo stressing the paramount necessity of victory in Burma, to compensate for the disasters in the Pacific. ... Even more incredibly, he still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the evidence that both were busted flushes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011429-49">[30]</a>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990502-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990502_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 502.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2000">Wolpert 2000</a>, p. 339.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990502–503-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990502–503_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 502–503.

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004" class="citation cs2">Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Hyderabad and Delhi: Orient Longmans, p. 427, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>81-250-2596-0</bdi>, <q>The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened.</q></cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2009" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Martin (2009), The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War (2nd ed.), Routledge, p. 227, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-55289-9</bdi>, <q>Bose died in a plane crash off Taiwan, while being flown to Tokyo on 18 August 1945, aged 48. For many millions of Indians, especially in Bengal, he remains a revered figure</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHuff2020" class="citation cs2">Huff, Gregg (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=waECEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR26">World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation</a>, Cambridge University Press, p. xvi, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-107-09933-3</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022973">2020022973</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062303/https://books.google.com/books?id=waECEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR26">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 28 January 2022, <q>Chronology of World War II in the Pacific: 18 August 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose killed in a plane crash in Taiwan.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSatoshi2012" class="citation cs2">Satoshi, Nakano (2012), Japan's Colonial Moment in Southeast Asia 1942–1945: The Occupiers' Experience, London and New York: Routledge, p. 211, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-138-54128-3</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018026197">2018026197</a>, <q>18 August 1945. Upon hearing of Japan's defeat in the Pacific War, Chandra Bose, who had dedicated his life to the anti-British Indian independence struggle, immediately decided to head for the Soviet Union, "out of my commitment to ally with any country that regards the US and Britain as their enemies." The Japanese Foreign Ministry and the military cooperated in Bose's exile, placing him aboard a Japanese plane headed for Dalian (Yunnan) from Saigon to put him in touch with the Soviet army. After a stopover in Taipei, however, the passenger plane crashed immediately after takeoff. Despite freeing himself from the wreckage, Bose was engulfed in flames and breathed his last.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHack2012" class="citation cs2">Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2012), War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore, Singapore: NUS Press, National University of Singapore, p. 185, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9971-69-599-6</bdi>, <q>Even before the INA memorial was completed, it became the focus of mourning for Singapore's Indian community. The cause of this premature use was news that Bose had died in a plane crash at Taipei, on 18 August. He had been trying to escape capture after the surrender of Japan on 15 August. Singapore and Malaya remained under Japanese control until 5 September when British forces returned. On 26 August 1945, meanwhile, wreaths were laid at the INA memorial in honour of Bose. A large group gathered at the memorial and speeches on Bose's life were made by Major-General M.Z. Kiani and Major-General S.C. Alagappan of the INA, and ITL members. The Japanese newspaper, the Syonan Shimbun, reported that "during the ceremony which lacked nothing in solemnity and dignity, many husky warriors—Sikhs, Punjabis, and others from the Central Provinces—soldiers who had taken part in the actual war operations were seen to shed tears as they saluted for the last time a giant portrait of Netaji which occupied a prominent position in front of the War Memorial".</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSandler2001" class="citation cs2">Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2001), "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)", World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishing/Routledge, p. 185, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8153-1883-9</bdi>, <q>Even after the Japanese surrender, Bose was determined to carry on the Free India movement and planned to return to the Subcontinent, despite his renegade status among the British. But on August 18, 1945, the airplane carrying him from Darien to Manchukuo crashed on take off from an airfield in Formosa, and Bose was killed.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBennet1997" class="citation cs2">Bennet, Brad (1997), "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)", in Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B. (eds.), Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage, London and New York: Routledge, p. 48, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8153-0913-9</bdi>, <q>Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945): Charismatic socialist member of the Indian National Congress and radical anti-imperialist. Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Bengal, India, and was killed in a plane crash on August 18, 1945.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2021" class="citation cs2">Markovits, Claude (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAEbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19">India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750–2000</a>, Cambridge University Press, p. xix, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316899847">10.1017/9781316899847</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-107-18675-0</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021000608">2021000608</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233601747">233601747</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061753/https://books.google.com/books?id=aAEbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 28 January 2022, <q>Chronology 1945: Indian Army play a major role in the liberation of Burma and Malaya from Japanese occupation; Indian troops sent to receive Japanese capitulation in the Dutch East Indies involved in clashes in Surabaya with Indonesian nationalists opposed to the return of the Dutch; in Indochina, Indian troops help the French re-establish control over Saigon and the south of Vietnam; death of Subhas Bose in a plane crash in Taiwan.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="Christopher_Alan_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Bayly, Christopher</a>; Harper, Timothy (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0M4Pl_VCExgC">Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, p. 2, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-02153-2</bdi>, <q>If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.</q></cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gordon-bose-death-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordon-bose-death_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordon-bose-death_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordon-bose-death_7-2">c</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a href="Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Gordon, Leonard A.</a> (1990), Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose, New York and Oxford: Columbia University Press, pp. 539–542, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-231-07443-3</bdi>, <q>On the plane were: Bose, Shidei, Rahman. Also: Lt. Col. Tadeo Sakai; Lt. Col. Shiro Nonogaki; Major Taro Kono; Major Ihaho Takahashi, Capt. Keikichi Arai, an air force engineer; chief pilot Major Takizawa; co-pilot W/O Ayoagi; navigator Sergeant Okishta; radio-operator NCO Tominaga. The crew was in the front of the aircraft and the passengers were wedged in behind ... there were no proper seats on this aircraft. The plane finally took off (from Saigon) between 5:00 and 5:30 pm on August 17. Since they were so late in starting, the pilot decided to land for the night at Tourane, Vietnam. ... The take-off from Tourane at about 5:00 am was normal ... and they flew to Taipei (Japanese: Taihoku) ...At Taipei ... the crew and passengers took their places ... and they were ready to go at 2:30. ... Just as they left the ground—barely thirty meters up and near the edge of the airfield—there was a loud noise. ... With an enormous crash they hit the ground. ... The injured, including Bose and Rahman and the surviving Japanese officers, were taken to Nanmon Army Hospital. Ground personnel at the airfield had already called the hospital shortly before 3:00 pm and notified Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon in charge of the hospital, to prepare to receive the injured. ... Upon arrival the doctor noticed that Bose ... had third degree burns all over his body, but they were worst on his chest. ...Bose and Rahman were quickly taken to the treatment room and the doctor started working on Bose, the much more critically injured man. Dr Yoshimi was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. ... An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was also in the room, and several nurses were also assisting. ... Bose's condition worsened as the evening darkened. His heart grew weaker. Finally between 9.00 and 10.00 pm, Bose succumbed to his terrible burns.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201115_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201115_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201115_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 15.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199032-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199032_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199032_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199032_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199032_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 32.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199033-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199033_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199033_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199033_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199033_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 33.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199048-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199048_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199048_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199048_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199048_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199048_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199048_11-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 48.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199052-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199052_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199052_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 52.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Open_University-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Open_University_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Open_University_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Open_University">The_Open_University</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBose1943" class="citation web cs1">Bose, Subhas Chandra (26 June 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9c9qdZoVI">"Speech of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Tokyo, 1943"</a>. Prasar Bharati Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130153342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9c9qdZoVI">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2012210_19-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012">Metcalf & Metcalf 2012</a>, p. 210.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004311-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004311_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004311_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 311.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopādhyāẏa2004427_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandyopādhyāẏa2004">Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004</a>, p. 427.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question1-25"><a href="#cite_ref-lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question1_25-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLal2025" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Vinay_Lal" title="Vinay Lal">Lal, Vinay</a> (2025). "Gandhi, the Indian National Congres, and the Jewish Question". In Lal, Vinay (ed.). Gandhi, Truth, and Nonviolence: The Politics of Engagement in Post-Truth Times. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780198936626</bdi>. <q>(p. 240) Such a hagiographic narrative is without a shred of credibility: Bose's involvement with fascism ran deep... the principal episodes in the narrative of Bose's complicity with Nazism—and, it may be noted at least in passing, Japanese militarism—are equally well established.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rudolph-rudolph-bose-27"><a href="#cite_ref-rudolph-rudolph-bose_27-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRudolphRudolph1987" class="citation cs2">Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Suzanne Hoeber (1987), In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State, University of Chicago Press, pp. 69–70, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-226-73138-3</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Louro-bose-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louro-bose_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louro-bose_29-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLouro2021" class="citation cs2">Louro, Michele L. (2021), "Anti-fascism and anti-imperialism between the world wars: The perspective from India", in Braskin, Kasper; Featherstone, David; Copsey, Nigel (eds.), Anti-Fascism in a Global Perspective: Transnational, Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781138352186</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question2_31-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLal2025" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Vinay_Lal" title="Vinay Lal">Lal, Vinay</a> (2025). "Gandhi, the Indian National Congres, and the Jewish Question". In Lal, Vinay (ed.). Gandhi, Truth, and Nonviolence: The Politics of Engagement in Post-Truth Times. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780198936626</bdi>. <q>(p. 242) But one might also think that his close proximity to the administrative heart of the killing machine—his last stay in Berlin lasted nearly two years—would at least have elicited a few tears of remorse. Bose's silence in all these respects, one is tempted to say, is deafening.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasolari202089–90-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasolari202089–90_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasolari202089–90_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasolari2020">Casolari 2020</a>, pp. 89–90.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-afreedi-2021-bose-35"><a href="#cite_ref-afreedi-2021-bose_35-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAafreedi2021" class="citation cs2">Aafreedi, Navras J. (2021), "Holocaust education in India and its challenges", in Aafreedi, Navras J.; Singh, Priya (eds.), Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons, Abington, UK and New York, NY: Routledge, p. 154, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-003-14613-1</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Shindler-Bose-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Shindler-Bose_37-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShindler2010" class="citation cs2">Shindler, Colin (2010), Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Deligitimization, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, Continuum, p. 112, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4411-8898-4</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kumaraswamy-bose-39"><a href="#cite_ref-kumaraswamy-bose_39-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKumaraswamy2010" class="citation cs2">Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOHcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153">Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home, Digital version</a>, Routledge, p. 153, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781000097856</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426102940/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOHcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153">archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022, retrieved 22 January 2025</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cronin-2025-41"><a href="#cite_ref-cronin-2025_41-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCronin2025" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Joseph (2025). "Affiliations, Entanglements, and 'Otherness': The Experiences of German-Speaking Jewish Refugees in India, 1938–1948". In Cho, Joanne Miyang; Kurlander, Eric; McGechin, Douglas (eds.). German-Speaking Jewish Refugees in Asia, 1930–1950: Shelter from the Storm?. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003517795-18">10.4324/9781003517795-18</a>. <q>Bose's views on the Nazis' main victims, the Jews, and specifically on the Jewish refugees, were also ambiguous. He wrote to his wife in 1937: "The Jews in Europe have attained so many positions because they are very skilful and the Aryans are very stupid [dumm] - otherwise, how could the foreigners [sic] in Europe make such progress?" Bose also accused his Congress colleague Nehru of "seeking to make India an asylum for Jews" in early 1939, knowing full well that their number would, at most, amount to a few thousand in a population of three hundred million. So, while Bose's opinions did not stem from a place of deep ideological antisemitism, his partial ignorance of the situation for Jews in Germany and Europe at that time, combined with his political allegiances and priorities, led him to suspect that Jewish refugees being sent to India was just another manifestation of Britain flexing its colonial might, of political power play, rather than a reluctant and insufficient response to a rapidly escalating humanitarian crisis.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2014117–118-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2014117–118_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2014117–118_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarston2014">Marston 2014</a>, pp. 117–118.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990517-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990517_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990517_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 517.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gordonunrealistic-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordonunrealistic_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonunrealistic_45-1">b</a> "A number of Japanese officers... saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990517-44">[26]</a>

</li>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2021" class="citation cs2">Markovits, Claude (2021), India and the World: A History of Connections, c.1750–2000, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316899847">10.1017/9781316899847</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-107-18675-0</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021000609">2021000609</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233601747">233601747</a>, <q>(pp. 113–114) y. Amongst the 16,000 Indian prisoners taken by the Axis armies in North Africa, some 3,000 joined the so-called 'Legion of Free India' ('Freies Indien Legion'), in fact the 950th Infantry Regiment of the Wehrmacht, formed in 1942 in response to the call of dissident Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose (1897–1945)... As a fighting force, however, the legion proved singularly ineffective...from a strictly military point of view, Bose's attempt was a total fiasco</q></cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreman2013124–125-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreman2013124–125_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreman2013124–125_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoreman2013">Moreman 2013</a>, pp. 124–125.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011429-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011429_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011429_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2011">McLynn 2011</a>, p. 429.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990459–460-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990459–460_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 459–460.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010305,_325-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010305,_325_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 305, 325.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-matthews-bose-congress-55"><a href="#cite_ref-matthews-bose-congress_55-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMatthews2021" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Roderick (2021), Peace, Poverty, and Betrayal: A New History of British India, Oxford University Press, <q>By this point the Congress leadership was in turmoil after the election of Subhas Chandra Bose as president in 1938. His victory was taken, principally by Bose himself, as proof that Gandhi's star was in decline, and that the Congress could now switch to his personal programme of revolutionary change. He set no store by non-violence and his ideals were pitched a good deal to the left of Gandhi's. His plans also included a large amount of leadership from himself. This autocratic temperament alienated virtually the whole Congress high command, and when he forced himself into the presidency again the next year, the Working Committee revolted. Bose, bitter and broken in health, complained that the 'Rightists' had conspired to bring him down. This was true, but Bose, who seems to have had a talent for misreading situations, seriously overestimated the strength of his support—a significant miscalculation, for it led him to resign in order to create his own faction, the Forward Bloc, modelled on the kind of revolutionary national socialism fashionable across much of Europe at the time.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-haithcox-bose-andINC-oldguard-56"><a href="#cite_ref-haithcox-bose-andINC-oldguard_56-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaithcox1971" class="citation cs2">Haithcox, John Patrick (1971), Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 282–283, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-691-08722-9</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79120755">79120755</a>, <q>One of the principal points of dispute between Bose and the Congress high command was the attitude the party should take toward the proposed Indian federation. The 1935 Constitution provided for a union of the princely states with the provinces of British India on a federal basis...Following his election for a second term, Bose charged that some members of the Working Committee were willing to compromise on this issue. Incensed at this allegation, all but three of the fifteen members of the Working Committee resigned. The exception was Nehru, Bose himself, and his brother Sarat. There was no longer any hope for reconciliation between the dissidents and the old guard.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2002297,_313-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2002297,_313_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2002">Low 2002</a>, pp. 297, 313.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990420–428-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990420–428_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 420–428.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201165–67,_152-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201165–67,_152_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 65–67, 152.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201176-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201176_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 76.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011162-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011162_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 162.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201187–88-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201187–88_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 87–88.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114–116-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114–116_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011114–116_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 114–116.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990344–345-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990344–345_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990344–345_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 344–345.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201115,_65–67-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201115,_65–67_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 15, 65–67.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141–143-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141–143_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011141–143_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 141–143.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2005255-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2005255_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2005">Bose 2005</a>, p. 255.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008avii–ix,_xvi–xvii,_210–212-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008avii–ix,_xvi–xvii,_210–212_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. vii–ix, xvi–xvii, 210–212...the capture of Singapore and with it thousands of Indian POWs, and reports by Major Fujiwara of the creation of a revolutionary Indian army eager to fight the British out of India. Fujiwara presided at the birth of the Indian National Army, together with a young Sikh, Captain Mohan Singh.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gordon-ijss-ina-72"><a href="#cite_ref-gordon-ijss-ina_72-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Gordon, Leonard</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosociology.com/UPLOADS/_PHILOSOCIOLOGY.ir_INTERNATIONAL%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%20OF%20THE%20SOCIAL%20SCIENCES_Second%20Edition_%20Darity_5760%20pgs.pdf">"Indian National Army"</a> (PDF), in William A. Darity Jr. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd Edition, Volume 3, pp. 610–611, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101012423/http://philosociology.com/UPLOADS/_PHILOSOCIOLOGY.ir_INTERNATIONAL%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%20OF%20THE%20SOCIAL%20SCIENCES_Second%20Edition_%20Darity_5760%20pgs.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021, retrieved 1 November 2021, <q>The Indian National Army (INA) was formed in 1942 by Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Singapore.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow199331–32-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow199331–32_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow1993">Low 1993</a>, pp. 31–32 A few months later Subhas Bose, who had long been Nehru's rival for the plaudits of the younger Indian nationalists, joined the Axis powers, and in due course formed the Indian National Army to support the Japanese. ... In October 1943 ... Subhas Bose established under their auspices a Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011295–296-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2011295–296_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2011">McLynn 2011</a>, pp. 295–296.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert200969-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert200969_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2009">Wolpert 2009</a>, p. 69.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200722_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaylyHarper2007">Bayly & Harper 2007</a>, p. 22.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339–340-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339–340_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2000339–340_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2000">Wolpert 2000</a>, pp. 339–340.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterji2007278-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterji2007278_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChatterji2007">Chatterji 2007</a>, p. 278.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper200721_86-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaylyHarper2007">Bayly & Harper 2007</a>, p. 21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2014129-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2014129_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarston2014">Marston 2014</a>, p. 129.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1995522-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1995522_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFay1995">Fay 1995</a>, p. 522.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/subhash-chandra-bose-and-rss-connection-revealed/articleshow/112273726.cms">"'Bose appreciated the role of RSS in nation building'"</a>. The Times of India. 5 August 2024. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPTI2025" class="citation news cs1">PTI (23 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-vp-dhankar-pay-tributes-to-subhash-chandra-bose-on-his-birth-anniversary/article69130454.ece">"Parakram Diwas 2025: PM Modi, VP Dhankar pay tributes to Subhash Chandra Bose on his birth anniversary"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNag2024" class="citation news cs1">Nag, Jayatri (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-had-clear-vision-for-india-rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat/articleshow/107090832.cms?from=mdr">"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose had clear vision for India: RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat"</a>. The Economic Times. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kangana-ranaut-trolled-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-first-pm-remark-hits-back-2523821-2024-04-05">"'Way ahead of your IQ': Kangana Ranaut, mocked over 'Netaji first PM' remark"</a>. India Today. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 165.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a102–103_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. 102–103.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20111-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20111_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20111_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20111_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20111_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon19909,_14-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon19909,_14_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 9, 14.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199012,_13-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199012,_13_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 12, 13.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199011-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199011_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199011_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 11.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199031–32-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199031–32_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 31–32.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990150-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990150_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 150.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199034–35-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199034–35_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 34–35.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199019,_37-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199019,_37_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199019,_37_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 19, 37.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199020-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199020_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 20.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199037-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199037_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 37.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199042–43_109-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 42–43.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kolkatatribune.in/birth-anniversary-of-sri-ananda-mohan-dam-of-village-shaduhati-in-south-srihatta/">"দক্ষিণ শ্রীহট্টের সাধুহাটি গ্রামের বিপ্লবী শ্রী অনঙ্গ মোহন দাম এর জন্ম বার্ষিকী"</a> [Anniversary of the birth revolutionary Shri Anang Mohan Dam from Sadhuhati village in South Srihatta]. Kolkata Tribune (in Bengali). 9 December 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199049-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199049_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199049_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 49.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199054-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199054_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 54.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199055-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199055_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199055_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 55.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199055–56-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199055–56_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 55–56.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199056-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199056_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199056_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199056_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199056_115-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 56.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1995179-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1995179_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFay1995">Fay 1995</a>, p. 179.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199059_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199059_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199059_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199059_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199059_117-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 59.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199059–60-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199059–60_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 59–60.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199060-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199060_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199060_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 60.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199061-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199061_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 61.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199062-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199062_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 62.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199063-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199063_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199063_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 63.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199062–63-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199062–63_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199062–63_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 62–63.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010297-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010297_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, p. 297.

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<li id="cite_note-Attlee-Gandhi-1948-1-30-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Attlee-Gandhi-1948-1-30_126-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFC._R._Attlee1948" class="citation cs2">C. R. Attlee (30 January 1948), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi">Speech on the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a>, London, UK: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225183920/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi">archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021, retrieved 30 January 2021</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199069-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199069_128-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 69.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20112-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20112_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToye2007-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToye2007_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToye2007">Toye 2007</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabortyBhaṭṭācārya1989-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabortyBhaṭṭācārya1989_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakrabortyBhaṭṭācārya1989">Chakraborty & Bhaṭṭācārya 1989</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVas200832-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVas200832_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVas2008">Vas 2008</a>, p. 32.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav_133-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138">"Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi"</a>. amritmahotsav.nic.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123094444/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVipul2009116-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVipul2009116_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVipul2009116_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVipul2009">Vipul 2009</a>, p. 116.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990190_135-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 190.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaig2020" class="citation news cs1">Baig, Asheeza (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-birth-anniversary-history-and-significance/story-xgLxOijqCfA9gI5EbZyXZI.html">"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Birth Anniversary: History and significance"</a>. <a href="Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120124817/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-birth-anniversary-history-and-significance/story-xgLxOijqCfA9gI5EbZyXZI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseBose1997-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoseBose1997_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseBose1997">Bose & Bose 1997</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFaltis,_Otto1936" class="citation journal cs1">Faltis, Otto (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277486/page/n234/mode/1up">"India and Austria"</a>. The Modern Review. 59: 205–207.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2004">Bose 2004</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosh1992-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosh1992_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJosh1992">Josh 1992</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2011127-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2011127_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2011">Bose 2011</a>, p. 127.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2011129–130-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2011129–130_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2011">Bose 2011</a>, pp. 129–130.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay1989-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyay1989_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyay1989">Chattopadhyay 1989</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhadnis2009185-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhadnis2009185_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhadnis2009">Phadnis 2009</a>, p. 185.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadhy2011234-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadhy2011234_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadhy2011">Padhy 2011</a>, p. 234.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999_148-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurga_Das_Pvt._Ltd1985-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurga_Das_Pvt._Ltd1985_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDurga_Das_Pvt._Ltd1985">Durga Das Pvt. Ltd 1985</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiwal2017a-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoiwal2017a_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoiwal2017a">Loiwal 2017a</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoiwal2017b-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoiwal2017b_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoiwal2017b">Loiwal 2017b</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalwar1976-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalwar1976_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalwar1976_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalwar1976_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalwar1976_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalwar1976_152-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalwar1976">Talwar 1976</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkandeya1990_153-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkandeya1990">Markandeya 1990</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1997554-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1997554_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1997">James 1997</a>, p. 554.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2004-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2004_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2004_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2004_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson2004">Thomson 2004</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar199710–14-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar199710–14_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1997">Majumdar 1997</a>, pp. 10–14.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2016-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2016_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2016">Encyclopædia Britannica 2016</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201167-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201167_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, p. 67.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990446-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990446_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990446_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 446.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-visionideas-160"><a href="#cite_ref-visionideas_160-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVirender_Grover1998" class="citation book cs1">Virender Grover (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HYwAQAAIAAJ">Subhash Chandra Bose: A Biography of His Vision and Ideas</a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 408. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788176290050</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074409/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HYwAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023. <q><a href="Ernst_Woermann" title="Ernst Woermann">Woermann</a> recommended the indefinite postponing of any announcement of Bose's presence in Germany and cautioned the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop that the time had not yet come to recognise Bose's government in-exile. Woermann specifically feared that any such step would alienate both Gandhi and Nehru, the real leaders of Indian nationalism, and the representatives of the political forces with which Germany would have to deal when her army reached the Khyber Pass.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011111-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011111_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 111.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ashis-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashis_162-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAshis_Ray2018" class="citation book cs1">Ashis Ray (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raohEAAAQBAJ">Laid to Rest: The Controversy over Subhas Chandra Bose's Death</a>. Roli Books. p. 55. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-936260-5-4</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074411/https://books.google.com/books?id=raohEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dunphy-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunphy_163-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohn_J._Dunphy2018" class="citation book cs1">John J. Dunphy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6tt8DwAAQBAJ">Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945-1947</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 116. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4766-3337-4</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061753/https://books.google.com/books?id=6tt8DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauner198128–29-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauner198128–29_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauner1981">Hauner 1981</a>, pp. 28–29.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay199574–75-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay199574–75_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFay1995">Fay 1995</a>, pp. 74–75.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a21–23-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a21–23_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. 21–23.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a24–25-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a24–25_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. 24–25.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2002-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2002_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2002">Bose 2002</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarique-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarique_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarique">Tarique</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGotoKratoska200357–58-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGotoKratoska200357–58_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGotoKratoska2003">Goto & Kratoska 2003</a>, pp. 57–58.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/subhash-chandra-bose-battle-of-kohima-world-war-2-japan-germany-indian-national-army-a-forgotten-battle-5782571/">"It is forgotten that the toughest land battle of the Second World War was fought on Indian soil"</a>. The Indian Express. 16 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125011/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/subhash-chandra-bose-battle-of-kohima-world-war-2-japan-germany-indian-national-army-a-forgotten-battle-5782571/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh249-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh249_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 249.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2007325-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2007325_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaylyHarper2007">Bayly & Harper 2007</a>, p. 325.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> "Father of Our Nation" (Address to Mahatma Gandhi over the Rangoon Radio on 6 July 1944) <a href="#CITEREFBoseBose1997a">Bose & Bose 1997a</a>, pp. 301–302

</li>

<li id="cite_note-White-Spunner_2017_p._13-175"><a href="#cite_ref-White-Spunner_2017_p._13_175-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWhite-Spunner2017" class="citation book cs1">White-Spunner, B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wx9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13">Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947</a>. Simon & Schuster UK. p. 13. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4711-4802-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043444/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wx9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper20072_176-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaylyHarper2007">Bayly & Harper 2007</a>, p. 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990540_178-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 540.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1995384-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1995384_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFay1995">Fay 1995</a>, p. 384.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a196–197_180-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. 196–197.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a195–196-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a195–196_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. 195–196.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541_182-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541_182-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541_182-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 541.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990541–542_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, pp. 541–542.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990542_184-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 542.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990543-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990543_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 543.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990544–545-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990544–545_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 544–545.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2008a197–198-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2008a197–198_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2008a">Lebra 2008a</a>, pp. 197–198.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990545-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990545_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990545_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>, p. 545.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoaCribb2003-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoaCribb2003_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNarangoaCribb2003">Narangoa & Cribb 2003</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseWerthJogAyer1996-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoseWerthJogAyer1996_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseWerthJogAyer1996">Bose et al. 1996</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri1987-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudhuri1987_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaudhuri1987">Chaudhuri 1987</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1990_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1990">Gordon 1990</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasricha200864–65-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasricha200864–65_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPasricha2008">Pasricha 2008</a>, pp. 64–65.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose201198-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose201198_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2011">Bose 2011</a>, p. 98.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanker_Kapoor2017-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanker_Kapoor2017_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShanker_Kapoor2017">Shanker Kapoor 2017</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDeka2013" class="citation cs2">Deka, Meeta (2013), Women's Agency and Social Change: Assam and Beyond, SAGE Studies on India's North East, New Delhi and Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-321-1138-2</bdi>, <q>(pp. 134–135) Bose was convinced that his ideology could bring about the liberation of India and a total reconstruction of Indian society along authoritarian-socialist lines, envisaging gender equality therein. As mayor of Calcutta, he believed that his policy and programme was a synthesis of socialism and fascism, on the lines of modern Europe. In the early 1930s, he stated, 'We have here the justice, the equality, the love, which is the basis of Socialism as it stands in Europe today.' In the late 1930s, he reiterated his belief in the efficacy of authoritarian government and a synthesis of fascism and socialism, while in 1944 when addressing the students at Tokyo University, he asserted that India must have a political system 'of an authoritarian character ... [and] our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and Communism'.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010345-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010345_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, pp. 345.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarrison1960" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Selig S. (1960), India: The Most Dangerous Decades, Princeton Legacy Library, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 314, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60005749">60005749</a>, <q>The most categorical and unabashed program for dictatorship in India's political heritage, finally, was laid down by the late Subhas Chandra Bose. He argued that India "must have a political system—State—of an authoritarian character," "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come," "a government by a strong party bound together by military discipline ... as the only means of holding India together." The next phase in world history, Bose predicted, would produce "a synthesis between Communism and Fascism, and will it be a surprise if that synthesis is produced in India?"</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy20047–8-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy20047–8_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2004">Roy 2004</a>, pp. 7–8.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseBose1997a319–320-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoseBose1997a319–320_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseBose1997a">Bose & Bose 1997a</a>, pp. 319–320.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165–166-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2011165–166_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2011">Hayes 2011</a>, pp. 165–166.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKumaraswamy2020" class="citation cs2">Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2020), Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home, Routledge, p. 153, <q>In his presidential address, Subhas Chandra Bose highlighted the contradictory nature of the British Empire and its inconsistent policy over Palestine. As a heterogeneous empire, Bose observed, the British had to be pro-Arab in India and pro Jewish elsewhere, and accused that London "has to please Jews because she cannot ignore Jewish high finance. On the other hand, the India Office and Foreign Office have to placate the Arabs because of the Imperial interests in the Near East and India."' While his reasoning was logical, Bose's anti-Jewish slur was no different from the anti-Semitic remarks in the (Muslim) League deliberations referred to earlier. Bose also opposed Nehru's efforts to provide asylum to a limited number of European Jewish refugees who were fleeing from Nazi persecution. Despite the opposition led by Bose, Nehru "was a strong supporter of inviting (Jewish refugees) to settle down in India... (and felt that) this was the only way by which Jews could be saved from the wrath of the Nazis... Between 1933 and the outbreak of the War, Nehru was instrumental in obtaining the entry of several German Jewish refugees into India"</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-combined-antisemetic-204"><a href="#cite_ref-combined-antisemetic_204-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBruckenhaus2017" class="citation cs2">Bruckenhaus, Daniel (2017), Policing Transnational Protest: Liberal Imperialism and the Surveillance of Anticolonialists in Europe, 1905–1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 213, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-066001-7</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042217">2016042217</a>, <q>Epilogue and conclusion: Finally, however, the example of Germany also demonstrates that their work in Europe frequently forced anticolonialists to make difficult moral choices, as their presence in that continent required them to take a position not only on colonialism worldwide, but also on inner-European political and ideological conflicts. This was true, especially, during World War II. The war situation brought to stark light, one last time, the contradictions within the western political model of rule, leading to a rift among the anticolonialists then present in Europe. As the western empires fought against Nazi Germany, most anticolonialists felt that they could no longer support, simultaneously, the emancipatory projects of anticolonialism and antifascism. Some, such as Subhas Chandra Bose, began to cooperate with the radically racist Nazis against colonialism, while others decided to work against Nazism with the very western authorities who had been engaged, over the previous decades, in creating a widespread network of trans-national surveillance against them.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRoland2017" class="citation cs2">Roland, Joan G. (2017), Jewish Communities in India: Identity in a Colonial Era, Routledge, p. 342, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0439-6</bdi>, <q>On 21 August 1942 the Jewish Chronicle of London reported that Bose was anti-Semitic and had published an article in Angriff, the organ of Goebbels, in which he described Indians as the real ancient Aryans and the brethren of the German people. He had said that the swastika was an old Indian sign and that anti-Semitism must become a part of the Indian freedom movement, since the Jews, he alleged, had helped Britain to exploit and oppress the Indians. The Jewish Advocate expressed horror at Bose's statement about a Jewish role in India's exploitation but added, "one may expect anything from one who has traveled the road to Berlin in search of his country's salvation." Norman Shohet pointed out how insignificant a part in the economic and political life of the country the Jews of India actually played. He also mentioned that other Indian leaders had so far not shown any anti-Semitic leanings, but that on the contrary, Gandhi, Nehru, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, and others had been positively friendly to the Jews.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAafreedi2021" class="citation cs2">Aafreedi, Navras J. (2021), "Holocaust education in India and its challenges", in Aafreedi, Navras J.; Singh, Priya (eds.), Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons, Abington and New York: Routledge, p. 154, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-00-314613-1</bdi>, <q>Jawaharlal Nehru called the Jews 'People without a home or nation' and sponsored a resolution in the Congress Working Committee. Although the exact date is not known, yet it can be said that it probably happened in December 1938 at the Wardha session, the one that took place shortly after Nehru returned from Europe. The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the Jewish Chronicle of London as having published an article in Angriff, a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2011" class="citation cs2">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2011), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, p. xx, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-61826-7</bdi>, <q>None of the works that deal with ... Subhas Chandra Bose, or his Indian National Army has engaged either Bose's reaction to German mass killing of Sinti and Roma (Gypsies) because their ancestors came from India or the reaction of the soldiers in his army to the sex slaves kidnapped in Japanese-occupied lands and held in enclosures attached to the camps in which they were being trained to follow their Japanese comrades in the occupation of India.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShindler2010" class="citation cs2">Shindler, Colin (2010), Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Deligitimization, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, Continuum, p. 112, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4411-8898-4</bdi>, <q>Bose requested a declaration from the Germans that they supported the movement for freedom in India—and in Arab countries. He had opposed Nehru in permitting political asylum to Jews fleeing Europe in 1939. He was prepared to ingratiate himself with Nazi ideology by writing for Goebells's Der Angriff in 1942. He argued that anti-Semitism should become a factor in the struggle for Indian freedom since the Jews had collaborated with British imperialism to exploit the country and its inhabitants.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Bose to Dr. Thierfelder of the Deutsche Academie, Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein, 25 March 1936 <a href="#CITEREFBoseBose1997a">Bose & Bose 1997a</a>, p. 155

</li>

<li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEgorova2008" class="citation book cs1">Egorova, Yulia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_okSx7ds4C">Jews and India: Perceptions and Image</a>. Routledge Jewish Studies Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-14655-0</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222193716/https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_okSx7ds4C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite>

</li>

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2010b-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2010b_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumar2010b">Kumar 2010b</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy199651ff-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy199651ff_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy1996">Roy 1996</a>, pp. 51ff.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> "At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like <a href="Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">Fujiwara</a>, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1990517-44">[26]</a>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSingh2021" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Shiv Sahay (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/political-row-over-centres-decision-to-celebrate-netajis-birth-anniversary-as-parakram-diwas/article33612822.ece">"Political row over Centre's decision to celebrate Netaji's birth anniversary as Parakram Diwas"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121160114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/political-row-over-centres-decision-to-celebrate-netajis-birth-anniversary-as-parakram-diwas/article33612822.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGaurav2022" class="citation news cs1">Gaurav, Kunal (22 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-unveiling-of-netaji-s-statue-floral-tributes-at-central-hall-101642842835445.html">"Subhas Chandra Bose 125th birth anniversary: Unveiling of Netaji's statue, floral tributes at Central Hall"</a>. <a href="Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310235521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-unveiling-of-netaji-s-statue-floral-tributes-at-central-hall-101642842835445.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMehrotra2022" class="citation news cs1">Mehrotra, Vani (23 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-live-updates-netaji-hologram-statue-india-gate-pm-modi-political-leaders-2022-01-23-755814">"'Attempts were made to erase contributions of many,' says PM Modi as he unveils hologram statue of Netaji"</a>. www.indiatvnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310235521/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-live-updates-netaji-hologram-statue-india-gate-pm-modi-political-leaders-2022-01-23-755814">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4303968/">"Subhas Chandra (1966)"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308075840/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4303968/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoveryplus.in/videos/subhash-chandra-bose-the-mystery/bose-the-mystery?type=EPISODE">"Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery"</a>. <a href="Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">discovery+</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601114524/https://www.discoveryplus.in/videos/subhash-chandra-bose-the-mystery/bose-the-mystery?type=EPISODE">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-HistoryTV18-238"><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryTV18_238-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyindia.com/show/netaji-bose-the-lost-treasure">"'Netaji Bose – The Lost Treasure'"</a>. HISTORY TV18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925152156/https://www.historyindia.com/show/netaji-bose-the-lost-treasure">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauri2017-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauri2017_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGauri2017">Gauri 2017</a>.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFLow1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="Anthony_Low" title="Anthony Low">Low, D. A.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBaYddlnKBEC">Eclipse of Empire</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-45754-5</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLow2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="Anthony_Low" title="Anthony Low">Low, D. A.</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQBMPwAACAAJ">Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929–1942</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-89261-2</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1997" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, Sisir K. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv7n1/Bose.htm">"Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany"</a>, South Asia Forum Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 1, Chery Chase, Maryland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808153445/http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv7n1/Bose.htm">archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2011, retrieved 6 February 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarkandeya1990" class="citation cs2">Markandeya, Subodh (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-RHAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape">Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality</a>, Arnold Publishers, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-7031-241-3</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062729/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-RHAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 4 October 2020</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarston2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="Daniel_Marston_(historian)" title="Daniel Marston (historian)">Marston, Daniel</a> (2014), The Indian Army and the End of the Raj, Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-89975-8</bdi></cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation cs2">Roy, Dr R.C. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103060205/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter1.pdf">Social, Economic and Political Philosophy of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (PDF), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 November 2006, retrieved 6 April 2006</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFSilvestri2019" class="citation cs2">Silvestri, Michael (2019), Policing 'Bengali Terrorism' in India and the World: Imperial Intelligence and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905–1939, Britain and the World Series, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-18041-6</bdi></cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC">A History of India</a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062730/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

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</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2">Aldrich, Richard J. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC">Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service</a>, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-64186-9</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="Christopher_Alan_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Bayly, Christopher</a>; Harper, Timothy (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC">Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945</a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-01748-1</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062737/https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Bose, Madhuri (10 February 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/emilie-schenkl-mrs-subhas-chandra-bose/289363">"Emilie Schenkl, Mrs Subhas Chandra Bose"</a>, Outlook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228223303/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/emilie-schenkl-mrs-subhas-chandra-bose/289363">archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2018, retrieved 28 December 2018</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="Judith_M._Brown" title="Judith M. Brown">Brown, Judith Margaret</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ">Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-873112-2</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121919/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ">Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study</a>, Prakash Book Depot, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-7977-149-5</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062729/https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Copland, Ian (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ">India, 1885–1947: the unmaking of an empire</a>, Longman, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-582-38173-5</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062755/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Gordon, Leonard A.</a> (2006), "Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose", India International Centre Quarterly, 33 (1): 103–112, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005940">23005940</a></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC">Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a>, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-230-809-2</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062429/https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Marston, Daniel (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR9GAwAAQBAJ">The Indian Army and the End of the Raj</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-89975-8</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR9GAwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Pelinka, Anton (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prfVHxySTf4C">Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture</a>, Transaction Publishers, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4128-2154-4</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712063217/https://books.google.com/books?id=prfVHxySTf4C">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Morris, Paul; Shimazu, Naoko; Vickers, Edward (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture</a>, Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-68490-8</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712063219/https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 18 August 2019</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Santhanam, Kausalya (1 March 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203061356/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/01/stories/1301078a.htm">"Wearing the mantle with grace"</a>, <a href="The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/01/stories/1301078a.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2013, retrieved 31 December 2013</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Sengupta, Hindol (2018), The Man Who Saved India, Penguin Random House India Private Limited, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-93-5305-200-3</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ">A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas</a>, Yale University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-19694-8</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712063222/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netaji.org/">Netaji Research Bureau</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netajipapers.gov.in/all-papers?page=1">Declassified papers at the National Archives of India</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story_image.jsp?img=/images/stories/2015April/letterenlarge_041015092714.jpg">Subhas Chandra Bose family Tree</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144047/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story_image.jsp?img=%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F2015April%2Fletterenlarge_041015092714.jpg">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%20Chandra%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20S%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Subhas%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Subhas%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Subhas%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Subhas%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Subhas%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%20Chandra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20S%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20S%2E%20Chandra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Subhas%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Subhas%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Subhas%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Subhas%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Subhas%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Subhas%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%20Chandra%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Subhas%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Subhas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221897-1945%22%20AND%20Bose%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Subhas Chandra Bose</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0097865/">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> at <a href="IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002232">Newspaper clippings about Subhas Chandra Bose</a> in the <a href="20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Subhas_Chandra_Bose72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anita_Bose_Pfaff" title="Anita Bose Pfaff">Anita Bose Pfaff</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a> (wife / companion)</li>

<li><a href="Janakinath_Bose" title="Janakinath Bose">Janakinath Bose</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Prabhabati_Bose" title="Prabhabati Bose">Prabhabati Bose</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a> (elder brother)</li>

<li><a href="Sisir_Kumar_Bose" title="Sisir Kumar Bose">Sisir Kumar Bose</a> (nephew)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_India_Centre" title="Free India Centre">Free India Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">India</a> (1921–40)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (1941–43)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abid_Hasan" title="Abid Hasan">Abid Hasan</a></li>

<li><a href="A._C._N._Nambiar" title="A. C. N. Nambiar">A. C. N. Nambiar</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_von_Trott_zu_Solz" title="Adam von Trott zu Solz">Adam von Trott zu Solz</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Keppler" title="Wilhelm Keppler">Wilhelm Keppler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia (1943–45)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Habib_ur_Rahman_(Indian_National_Army_officer)" title="Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)">Habib ur Rahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Hideo_Iwakuro" title="Hideo Iwakuro">Hideo Iwakuro</a></li>

<li><a href="Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li>

<li><a href="Hikari_Kikan" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaganath_Rao_Bhonsle" title="Jaganath Rao Bhonsle">Jaganath Rao Bhonsle</a></li>

<li><a href="Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">Iwaichi Fujiwara</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li>

<li><a href="Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbas_Ali_(Indian_National_Army)" title="Abbas Ali (Indian National Army)">Abbas Ali</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Bibliography of Subhas Chandra Bose">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_views_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose">Political views</a></li>

<li><a href="Renk%C5%8D-ji" title="Renkō-ji">Renkō-ji</a></li>

<li><a href="Mukherjee_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukherjee Commission">Mukherjee Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Netaji_Bhawan" title="Netaji Bhawan">Netaji Bhawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Subhas_Chandra_Bose_statue_(Shyambazar%2C_Kolkata)" title="Subhas Chandra Bose statue (Shyambazar, Kolkata)">Subhas Chandra Bose statue (Shyambazar, Kolkata)</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose">Netaji statue (India Gate Canopy)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Army234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Indian_National_Army234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI</a></li>

<li><a href="Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li>

<li><a href="Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadr</a></li>

<li><a href="Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li>

<li><a href="Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan Asianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League (IIL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Prafulla_Kumar_Sen" title="Prafulla Kumar Sen">Swami Satyananda Puri</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_National_Council" title="Indian National Council">Indian National Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">I Fujiwara</a></li>

<li><a href="F_Kikan" title="F Kikan">F Kikan</a></li>

<li><a href="K._P._K._Menon" title="K. P. K. Menon">K.P.K. Menon</a></li>

<li><a href="A._M._Sahay" title="A. M. Sahay">A.M. Sahay</a></li>

<li><a href="Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Bidadary_Resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidadary Resolutions">Bidadary Resolutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokyo_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Conference">Tokyo Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Hideo_Iwakuro" title="Hideo Iwakuro">H Iwakuro</a></li>

<li><a href="I_Kikan" title="I Kikan">I Kikan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangkok_Conference" title="Bangkok Conference">Bangkok Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Hikari_Kikan" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li>

<li><a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a></li>

<li><a href="All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">Forward Bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li>

<li><a href="Habib_ur_Rahman_(Indian_National_Army_officer)" title="Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)">Habib-ur-Rahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death controversy</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Battle of Malaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohan_Singh_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh (general)">Mohan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Farrer_Park_address" title="Farrer Park address">Farrer Park</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First INA</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Arakan_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arakan offensive">First Arakan offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindustan_Field_Force" title="Hindustan Field Force">Hindustan Field Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiffs" title="Jiffs">Jiffs</a></li>

<li><a href="Azad_Brigade" title="Azad Brigade">Azad Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Gandhi_Brigade_(regiment)" title="Gandhi Brigade (regiment)">Gandhi Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Nehru_Brigade" title="Nehru Brigade">Nehru Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Subhas_Brigade" title="Subhas Brigade">Subhas Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Bahadur_Group" title="Bahadur Group">Bahadur Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokyo_Boys" title="Tokyo Boys">Tokyo Boys</a></li>

<li><a href="Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohammed_Zaman_Kiani" title="Mohammed Zaman Kiani">Mohammed Zaman Kiani</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li>

<li><a href="A._D._Loganathan" title="A. D. Loganathan">A.D. Loganathan</a></li>

<li><a href="J._R._Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Bhonsle">J.R. Bhonsle</a></li>

<li><a href="Janaky_Athi_Nahappan" title="Janaky Athi Nahappan">Janaki Davar</a></li>

<li><a href="Rasammah_Bhupalan" title="Rasammah Bhupalan">Rasammah Bhupalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaukat_Malik" title="Shaukat Malik">Shaukat Malik</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Thivy" title="John Thivy">John Thivy</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_and_operations_of_the_Indian_National_Army" title="Battles and operations of the Indian National Army">Battles</a></li>

<li><a href="Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Battle of Irrawaddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Battle of Meiktila</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Indian National Army trials">Red Fort trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CSDIC(I)" title="CSDIC(I)">CSDIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon" title="Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon">Dhillon</a></li>

<li><a href="Prem_Sahgal" title="Prem Sahgal">Sahgal</a></li>

<li><a href="Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz</a></li>

<li><a href="Burhan-ud-Din_of_Chitral" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral">Burhan-ud-Din</a></li>

<li><a href="INA_Defence_Committee" title="INA Defence Committee">INA Defence Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li>

<li><a href="Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay mutiny</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a></li>

<li><a href="Decorations_of_Azad_Hind" title="Decorations of Azad Hind">Azad Hind Decorations</a></li>

<li><a href="Selarang_Barracks_incident" title="Selarang Barracks incident">Selarang Barracks incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Burma_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Burma Area Army">Burma Area Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Masakazu_Kawabe" title="Masakazu Kawabe">Masakasu Kawabe</a></li>

<li><a href="India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Slim%2C_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="INA_treasure_controversy" title="INA treasure controversy">INA treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_W._Fay" title="Peter W. Fay">Peter Fay</a></li>

<li><a href="Joyce_Lebra" title="Joyce Lebra">Joyce Lebra</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li>

<li><a href="French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Maratha_Wars" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars">Anglo-Maratha Wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li>

<li><a href="Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li>

<li><a href="Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li>

<li><a href="1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li>

<li><a href="Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li>

<li><a href="Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li>

<li><a href="Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li>

<li><a href="Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li>

<li><a href="Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Coup_d'%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li>

<li><a href="Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li>

<li><a href="All_India_States_Peoples'_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li>

<li><a href="All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li>

<li><a href="Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li>

<li><a href="Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li>

<li><a href="B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li>

<li><a href="Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li>

<li><a href="G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li>

<li><a href="Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li>

<li><a href="J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li>

<li><a href="Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li>

<li><a href="Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li>

<li><a href="Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li>

<li><a href="Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li>

<li><a href="Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li>

<li><a href="Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li>

<li><a href="Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li>

<li><a href="Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li>

<li><a href="Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li>

<li><a href="Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li>

<li><a href="A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li>

<li><a href="Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li>

<li><a href="Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li>

<li><a href="Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li>

<li><a href="Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li>

<li><a href="Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li>

<li><a href="Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li>

<li><a href="C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li>

<li><a href="Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li>

<li><a href="Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li>

<li><a href="Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li>

<li><a href="Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li>

<li><a href="Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li>

<li><a href="Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li>

<li><a href="M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li>

<li><a href="Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li>

<li><a href="P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li>

<li><a href="Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li>

<li><a href="Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li>

<li><a href="Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li>

<li><a href="Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li>

<li><a href="Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li>

<li><a href="Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li>

<li><a href="Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li>

<li><a href="Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li>

<li><a href="Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li>

<li><a href="V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li>

<li><a href="V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li>

<li><a href="Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li>

<li><a href="Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li>

<li><a href="Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archibald_Wavell%2C_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederic_Thesiger%2C_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Robinson%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound%2C_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Broun-Ramsay%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Wellesley%2C_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bulwer-Lytton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li>

<li><a href="Sir_James_Outram%2C_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li>

<li><a href="Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Hope%2C_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px684" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px684" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li>

<li><a href="Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_national_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of national presidents of the Indian National Congress">National president</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_state_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress">State presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Congress_Core_Committee" title="Congress Core Committee">Congress Core Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Pradesh Congress Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and union territories of India">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee">Madhya Pradesh CC</a></li>

<li><a href="Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu CC</a></li>

<li><a href="Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh CC</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal PCC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Andaman and Nicobar TCC</li>

<li><a href="Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh TCC</a></li>

<li>Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu and Daman and Diu TCC</li>

<li><a href="Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi PCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir PCC</a></li>

<li>Ladakh TCC</li>

<li>Lakshadweep TCC</li>

<li><a href="Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry PCC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">National presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li>

<li><a href="Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li>

<li><a href="Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li>

<li><a href="Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Alfred Webb</a></li>

<li><a href="Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li>

<li><a href="C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li>

<li><a href="Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li>

<li><a href="N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li>

<li><a href="Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li>

<li><a href="Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li>

<li><a href="Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha%2C_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li>

<li><a href="Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li>

<li><a href="Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li>

<li><a href="Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li>

<li><a href="Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li>

<li><a href="C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li>

<li><a href="Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li>

<li><a href="S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li>

<li><a href="Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li>

<li><a href="Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li>

<li><a href="Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li>

<li><a href="J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li>

<li><a href="Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li>

<li><a href="Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li>

<li><a href="S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li>

<li><a href="Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li>

<li><a href="D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li>

<li><a href="Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li>

<li><a href="Arjun_Singh_(Congress_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Congress politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Jitendra_Prasada" title="Jitendra Prasada">Jitendra Prasada</a></li>

<li><a href="Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li>

<li><a href="Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li>

<li><a href="Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li>

<li><a href="Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li>

<li><a href="C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li>

<li><a href="Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li>

<li><a href="Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li>

<li><a href="Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li>

<li><a href="Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li>

<li><a href="Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li>

<li><a href="Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li>

<li><a href="Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li>

<li><a href="M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li>

<li><a href="Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li>

<li><a href="P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li>

<li><a href="Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li>

<li><a href="Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li>

<li><a href="Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li>

<li><a href="A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li>

<li><a href="Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li>

<li><a href="Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li>

<li><a href="Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frontal wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Kisan_and_Khet_Mazdoor_Congress" title="Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress">Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Students'_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current50" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian chief ministers">Current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Revanth Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li>

<li><a href="Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy chief ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current57" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">Current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mukesh_Agnihotri" title="Mukesh Agnihotri">Mukesh Agnihotri</a></li>

<li><a href="D._K._Shivakumar" title="D. K. Shivakumar">D. K. Shivakumar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallu_Bhatti_Vikramarka" title="Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka">Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bose_family67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bose_family67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bose family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Janakinath_Bose" title="Janakinath Bose">Janakinath Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Prabhabati_Bose" title="Prabhabati Bose">Prabhabati Bose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anita_Bose_Pfaff" title="Anita Bose Pfaff">Anita Bose Pfaff</a></li>

<li>Ardhendu Bose</li>

<li><a href="Sisir_Kumar_Bose" title="Sisir Kumar Bose">Sisir Kumar Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Subrata_Bose" title="Subrata Bose">Subrata Bose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Sugata Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Sarmila Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumantra_Bose" title="Sumantra Bose">Sumantra Bose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li>

<li>Fish: <a href="Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li>

<li><a href="Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li>

<li><a href="Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li>

<li><a href="Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime history of Bengal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li>

<li><a href="Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li>

<li><a href="Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li>

<li><a href="Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li>

<li><a href="Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li>

<li>Rivers of West Bengal

<ul><li><a href="Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li>

<li><a href="Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li>

<li><a href="Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li>

<li><a href="Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiger_Hill%2C_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li>

<li>Political parties (<a href="Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)_%E2%80%93_West_Bengal" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist) – West Bengal">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Bharatiya_Janata_Party%2C_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li>

<li>Parliamentary constituencies</li>

<li><a href="List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li>

<li><a href="CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <a href="List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li>

<li><a href="Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li>

<li><a href="Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li>

<li><a href="Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li>

<li><a href="Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li>

<li><a href="Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li>

<li><a href="Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li>

<li><a href="Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishnupur_district%2C_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li>

<li><a href="Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li>

<li><a href="Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li>

<li><a href="Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li>

<li><a href="Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li>

<li><a href="Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li>

<li><a href="Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li>

<li><a href="North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li>

<li><a href="South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li>

<li><a href="Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li>

<li><a href="Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li>

<li><a href="Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li>

<li><a href="Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li>

<li><a href="Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishnupur%2C_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li>

<li><a href="Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li>

<li><a href="Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li>

<li><a href="Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li>

<li><a href="Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishnanagar%2C_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li>

<li><a href="Malda%2C_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li>

<li><a href="Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li>

<li><a href="Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li>

<li><a href="Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li>

<li><a href="Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li>

<li><a href="Suri%2C_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li>

<li>Cities and towns by district</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li>

<li><a href="Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bengal Cuisine">Cuisine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li>

<li><a href="Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li>

<li><a href="Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li>

<li><a href="Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li>

<li><a href="Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li>

<li><a href="Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_cinema%2C_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li>

<li><a href="Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">Banglar Nolen Gur Sandesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li>

<li>Baruipur Guava</li>

<li><a href="Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li>

<li>Bishnupur Motichur Laddu</li>

<li><a href="Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li>

<li><a href="Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li>

<li><a href="Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li>

<li><a href="Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li>

<li><a href="Gobindobhog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li>

<li><a href="Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li>

<li>Kamarpukur Sada Bode</li>

<li><a href="Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li>

<li>Malda Nistari Silk Yarn</li>

<li><a href="Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li>

<li><a href="Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhenabara" title="Chhenabara">Murshidabad Chhanabora</a></li>

<li><a href="Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Radhunipagal_rice" title="Radhunipagal rice">Radhunipagal rice</a></li>

<li><a href="Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li>

<li><a href="Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li>

<li><a href="Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li>

<li><a href="Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li>

<li><a href="Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li>

<li><a href="Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li>

<li><a href="Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li>

<li><a href="Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li>

<li><a href="Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li>

<li><a href="Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107182343">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29572002">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/57767">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8wc9QQGbjvRF6C7rXh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118662066">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80089836">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12153094j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12153094j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00512154">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35020480">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080611002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071434402">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90364966">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000113089&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjj88n26pzpk2">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628756305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/90791">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274798805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06083485?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/96be310a-11fb-4b3f-9826-c8dae2fd73ac">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/22d55a98-6b4a-4732-b94e-887ff1c55f92">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794722">Trove</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/950510">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118662066.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118662066">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030032156">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63x905q">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/f21f446f-0ddc-4396-be6b-17796cddcb0e">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Subhas_Chandra_Bose&oldid=1303997168">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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